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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Application of quantum nondemolition measurement in quantum optical communication

Guoxi Fang, Yancheng Zhao

Published Sep 20, 1996• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, the method will be introduced, it's called Quantum Nondemolition measurement. The purpose is to realize a new measuring method to surpass quantum limit. It provides a new method of overcoming quantum noise. In principle, it can use any precision to detect a certain weak signal. Finally, the application of QND Measurement in optical communication will be introduced.

DOI
10.1117/12.252072

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•Jul 18, 1988•0 citations
In this paper, the method will be introduced, it's called Quantum Nondemolition measurement. The purpose is to realize a new measuring method to surpass quantum limit. It provides a new method of overcoming quantum noise. In principle, it can use any precision to detect a certain weak signal. Finally, the application of QND Measurement in optical communication will be introduced.
The history of the theory of quantum nondemolition (QND) measurements from the 1920s until today is reviewed. The definition and main principles of QND measurements are outlined. Achievements in the experimental realization of QND measurements and several new promising schemes of QND measurements are described. A list of the most important problems (from the authors' point of view) in the area of QND measurements is presented. The problem of measurement of a quantum oscillator phase is considered. A new method of phase measurement is proposed. Examples of possible solutions of fundamental physical problems using QND methods are given.
Summary form only given. The present techniques allow one to perform continuous or discrete quantum measurements at or even beyond the standard "quantum noise" level, even on single quantum objects. In this context, Kip Thorne and Vladimir Braginsky introduced in the seventies the concept of "Quantum Non Demolition (QND) measurement", which was initially meant to be applied to mechanical harmonic oscillators designed for detecting gravitational waves, the so-called "Weber's bars". But the QND ideas encountered a real success in quantum optics, where quantum fluctuations are readily accessible, and can also be circumvented. We review the state of the art of QND measurements, in this broad sense of sub-shot-noise optical information processing. Most of the initial objectives of QND measurements have now been successfully reached through proof-of-principle experiments. The domain is now opening on future perspectives related to quantum information processing (e.g. quantum cryptography), either with "discrete" or "continuous" quantum variables. In this context the close relationship between QND measurements and controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates are discussed and illustrated.
Conventional devices for measuring the amplitude of a light wave absorb the light, thus destroying it. Recently, quantum nondemolition (QND) methods based on the optical Kerr effect have been shown capable of measuring optical amplitude fluctuations with near quantum-limited sensitivity.1 In these experiments, amplitude fluctuations of a signal beam are transferred to the phase fluctuation quadrature of a probe beam which co-propagates with the signal beam, by the intensity-dependent refractive index, without absorption of the signal beam. A pure Kerr nonlinearity can cause only phase modulation of the light wave, and the amplitude of the signal wave is preserved. Such methods should more properly be called back-action evading measurement schemes since the quantity being measured is not perturbed by the back-action that quantum mechanics requires for any measurement. The signal-to-noise ratio achieved in these experiments was limited by the small magnitude of the Kerr nonlinearity relative to the excess phase noise imposed on the probe beam by thermal light scattering processes in the glass fibers that were employed.