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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Theoretical study on balanced homodyne detection technique in preparation of squeezed states of light

Wenyan Qu, Fei Feng, Jiazheng Song, Tongyi Zhang

Published Aug 16, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We analyze the balanced homodyne detection technique in the detection of squeezed light, which is controlled by dither locking scheme. We discuss how the balanced homodyne detection efficiency influences the detected degree of squeezing. Also, fluctuation in the relative phase between the local beam and the squeezed light is discussed, since a little phase fluctuation would decrease the detected degree of squeezing greatly. Then, the dither locking technique is studied in detail, which is used to lock the relative phase between the local beam and the squeezed light. The simulation experiments and theoretically results show that the balanced homodyne detection technique and the dither locking scheme are efficient methods to get more accurate degree of squeezing in the preparation of the squeezed states of light.

DOI
10.1117/12.2034576

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We analyze the balanced homodyne detection technique in the detection of squeezed light, which is controlled by dither locking scheme. We discuss how the balanced homodyne detection efficiency influences the detected degree of squeezing. Also, fluctuation in the relative phase between the local beam and the squeezed light is discussed, since a little phase fluctuation would decrease the detected degree of squeezing greatly. Then, the dither locking technique is studied in detail, which is used to lock the relative phase between the local beam and the squeezed light. The simulation experiments and theoretically results show that the balanced homodyne detection technique and the dither locking scheme are efficient methods to get more accurate degree of squeezing in the preparation of the squeezed states of light.
Squeezed state light is a fundamental resource for many quantum optics experiments. Important applications like quantum-enhanced magnetometer and quantum key distribution, require the squeezing level as high as possible. In balanced homodyne detection, the detector output is directly proportional to the noise of the squeezed beam. The detected quadrature is dependent on the relative phase between the squeezed beam and local oscillator. Here, we present a balanced homodyne detector (BHD) with independent phase control and noise detection branches. The independence between the phase control and noise detection branches is experimentally verified, the two branches are independently optimized according to the practical requirements. With the BHD, a bright squeezed light at 1550 nm with quantum noise reduction of 10.3 dB is directly detected. After stabilizing the relative phase between the squeezed states and local oscillator by the phase locking branch of the BHD, the fluctuation of the noise suppression is ±0.2 dB by 1-h testing time.
The balanced homodyne detection technique is an important method to detect the quantum light field. The signal light injected into the phase sensitive optical parameter amplifier (OPA) is phase modulated. The output squeezed light of OPA is detected by the balanced homodyne detection system. When the phase sensitive OPA is operated at parametric amplification and deamplification respectively, we can judge which quadrature component of the quantum light field is measured by observing the modulation signal. We can demodulate the phase modulation signal to achieve the error signal, which is used to lock the relative phase of zero between the local and the quantum light fields (corresponding to the quadrature-amplitude of the unknown light field).
We analyze the influence factors that affect the observed degree of squeezing in generation and detection stages theoretically, including the fluctuations of pump power, the intra-cavity loss of the optical parametric amplifier (OPA) cavity , the phase fluctuation on balanced homodyning stage, the propagation efficiency, the mode matching efficiency, the out-put mirror transmission of the OPA cavity and the quantum efficiency of the detector. The theoretical results show that different loss sources appearing at various stages of the squeezed light generation and detection are far more dominant and in the end limit the squeezing level achievable. The analysis of these parameters will be extremely useful for subsequent experiments.
We developed a control scheme of homodyne detection. To operate the homodyne detector as easy as possible, a simple Michelson interferometer is used. Here a motivation that the control scheme of the homodyne detection is developed is for our future experiment of extracting the ponderomotively squeezed vacuum fluctuations. To obtain the best signalto- noise ratio using the homodyne detection, the homodyne phase should be optimized. The optimization of the homodyne phase is performed by changing a phase of a local oscillator for the homodyne detection from a point at which a signal is maximized. In fact, in this experiment, using the developed control scheme, we locked the Michelson interferometer with the homodyne detector and changed the phase of the local oscillator for the homodyne detection. Then, we measured signals quantity changed by changing the phase of the local oscillator for the homodyne detection. Here we used the output from the homodyne detection as the signal.
This chapter is a short summary of recent developments concerning quantum noise. A quantum state is said to be squeezed when the fluctuations of one observable have been reduced below that of the vacuum state, that is, the ‘shot-noise’ level of the coherent state. Squeezed states are detected using the technique known as balanced homodyne detection. The chapter reviews the reductions in phase and amplitude fluctuations of a squeezed state and discusses their use in interferometry and spectroscopy. The phase-dependent nature of the squeezed field results in line-narrowing of the incoherent spectrum for particular phase choices while other choices of phase result in line-broadening. Interferometry with squeezed light as well as quantum non-demolition measurements are attempting to assess quantum measurement limits in order to further extend the experimental manipulation of light.
As part of the effort to make use of squeezed states of light for detection of sub-shot-noise optical signals, we study the balanced heterodyne scheme, for which the corresponding spectral density of the photocurrent fluctuations produced at the output of the detector is calculated as the Fourier transform of their autocorrelation function. Our analysis shows that, for maximal signal-to-noise ratio enhancement by use of squeezed states of light, an optical signal to be measured must be carried in the squeezed quadrature of the carrier field. We discuss how "the additional heterodyne noise" can be eliminated in this scheme and its potential application to gravitational-wave searching. To demonstrate the practical feasibility, we propose and study a phase-locking technique for this scheme.