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IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Doubly resonant four-photon interactions in Cesium vapor

A. V. Smith, John Francis Ward

Published Apr 1, 1981• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Four-photon interactions involving both a two-photon resonance with the9d^{2}D_{3/2}level and a one-photon resonance with an np2P level (n = 7-10) are investigated in detail. Gain, gain saturation, gain threshold, and forward-to-backward generation ratios are measured. Comparison with numerical estimates indicates that9d^{2}D_{3/2}tonp^{2}Plasing is the dominant gain mechanism but that a doubly resonant four-photon parametric oscillation makes a significant contribution. Gain saturation is dominated by population of np2P levels. Ionization is important, especially at higher pump powers.

DOI
10.1109/jqe.1981.1071145

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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics•Mar 31, 1982•3 citations
Four-photon interactions involving both a two-photon resonance with the9d^{2}D_{3/2}level and a one-photon resonance with an np2P level (n = 7-10) are investigated in detail. Gain, gain saturation, gain threshold, and forward-to-backward generation ratios are measured. Comparison with numerical estimates indicates that9d^{2}D_{3/2}tonp^{2}Plasing is the dominant gain mechanism but that a doubly resonant four-photon parametric oscillation makes a significant contribution. Gain saturation is dominated by population of np2P levels. Ionization is important, especially at higher pump powers.
An effort was made to optimize the coherent anti-Stokes scattering four-photon parametric oscillation process in thallium vapor in the 277 nm range. The dependence of the stimulated emission power on the thallium vapor pressure, confocal parameter, detuning from two-photon resonance, and pump power was investigated. The considerable saturation of the parametric oscillation power observed both with respect to the pump power and the vapor pressure was attributed to the breakdown of the wave interaction as a result of the strong high-frequency Kerr effect under two-photon resonance conditions.
A formalism suited for the study of two-photon resonant processes in atomic vapors is developed. Applications to the study of hyper-Raman scattering, four-photon parametric conversion and second-harmonic generation were carried out. Hyper-Raman scattering and four-photon parametric conversion were analyzed at steady state in the small-gain and saturation regimes. For the small-gain region, the results of perturbation theory are reproduced. The behavior of Stokes and idler fields in the saturation regime is shown to be in agreement with experimental results. Several characteristics of the line shapes experimentally observed are also qualitatively explained. A time-frequency analysis of the transients of the Stokes gain provides a method of studying the evolution of Stark shifts and dynamical Stark splittings, as well as constituting a valuable tool to distinguish between Raman-type and population-type lines.
Optical pumping of cesium vapor in a heat-pipe oven in which the energy of two near-infrared photons is close to the 6D states results in high conversion efficiency (up to 1.7%) of the near-infrared pump light to intense blue, forward-propagating radiation. The blue light corresponds to the 7P-6S transition. The dependence of conversion efficiency upon focusing conditions, cell length, and pump intensity is presented. Absorption and gain coefficients are measured in a second heat pipe. The results are discussed in terms of optically pumped stimulated emission (OPSE), stimulated electronic Raman scattering (SERS), and subsequent nonlinear four-wave mixing of two pump-laser photons and one SERS or OPSE infrared photon, leading to parametric generation at \ensuremath{\omega}=2${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$-${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{ir}}$. Two-photon resonant, three-photon ionization cross sections are also studied experimentally and theoretically for the case of resonant enhancement at the 6D levels of cesium. For comparison, similar results for rubidium are also presented for the 5D levels.
An experimental investigation was made of the use of noise pumping in four-photon resonant parametric sum-frequency generation in potassium vapor. A two-photon resonance with the 9S1/2 and 7D3/2,5/2 levels and a one-photon resonance with the 10P1/2,3/2 and 11P1/2,3/2 levels were used. A comparison was made with the case of coherent pumping and it was found that, under conditions of strong dispersion and wave mismatch, the efficiency of the process using noise pumping differs negligibly from the efficiency using coherent pumping although the spectral density of the coherent pump is substantially higher than that of the noise pump.
An investigation was made of the spectral properties of four-photon parametric oscillation when the frequency of the generated field is tunable near an atomic resonance line. An ω4 = ω1–ω2+ω3 generation process involving coherent anti-Stokes scattering in thallium vapor was achieved experimentally. Biharmonic pumping was provided by resonant excitation of a 6P1/2–6P3/2 two-photon transition at the frequency ω1–ω2. Measurements were made of the oscillation power when the frequency ω3 was tunable near the frequency of a 6P3/2–7D3/2 transition at various thallium vapor pressures. It was found that the spectral properties of resonant parametric oscillation depend strongly on the concentration of active-mixture atoms and also on various saturation effects.