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Applied Physics Letters

Continuous-wave trio upconversion laser

Ping Xie, Stephen Colby Rand

Published Sep 17, 1990• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report operation of what we believe is the first continuous-wave laser which relies exclusively on cooperative upconversion by coupled ion trios to achieve population inversion.
DOI
10.1063/1.103520

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Continuous-wave, cooperative upconversion lasers.

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Continuous-wave lasers in which the emitted photon energy may be up to three times greater than that of the incident pump light by virtue of cooperative (coupled atom) upconversion processes are reported for the first time in this thesis. Cw upconversion laser action was obtained at wavelengths of 0.55$\mu$m, 0.70$\mu$m, 0.85$\mu$m and 2.8$\mu$m using infrared excitation in the range $\lambda$ = 1.48-1.70$\mu$m in concentrated crystals of Er:CaF$\sb2$ and Er:LiYF$\sb4$. Detailed aspects of the behavior and internal dynamics of these systems have been considered both experimentally and theoretically in this work. Two limiting approaches were applied to gain theoretical insight into possible unique features of cooperative upconversion lasers. These corresponded to strong and weak coupling theories. A density matrix approach describing the strong coupling limit predicted several new results of cooperative interactions, including enhanced quantum efficiency, enhanced energy transfer, and cooperative instabilities. A rate equation analysis appropriate to weaker coupling was used to confirm that cooperative upconversion lasers can operate continuously on self-terminating transitions and established threshold conditions for pair- and trio-pumped lasers. Time dependent upconversion fluorescence measurements were performed to investigate the pumping mechanism of the new lasers experimentally. These observations and measurement of the intensity dependence of upconversion emission established that the inversion mechanism was exclusively cooperative in nature. Upconversion laser instabilities were also studied and related to nonlinear, cooperative dynamics. Unique features of cooperative upconversion lasers were identified, compared with other upconversion pumping schemes, and exploited to demonstrate the first cw mode-locked solid state laser operating in the visible spectral range. On the basis of this work, it may be concluded that cooperative upconversion provides a practical means of generating coherent radiation in new spectral regions, even on self-terminating transitions.

•Jan 1, 1992•1 citation
We report room-temperature operation of what we believe is the first continuous-wave laser that relies exclusively on cooperative upconversion by coupled ion pairs to achieve population inversion. Conventional excitation of laser media raises individual atoms or ions directly to energy levels above the emitting level. ' However, as we show here, energy states lying well above those populated by incident light can be reached by spontaneous, cooperative upconversion processes at rates sufficient to sustain stable, steady-state population inversions. Here we demonstrate cw laser action from upconverted states without significant contributions from multiphoton absorption. This novel operating principle holds promise as a means of pumping short-wavelength solid-state lasers without the need for radiation sources of still shorter wavelength, without the need for multiphoton
An important channel for upconversion relies on absorption of pump photons from excited states populated by pair upconversion. In previous1 pulsed-Er upconversion lasers, this cubic contribution was small, because short excitation pulses were used, restricting ions from undergoing the slow first step of upconversion by this channel during the pulse-limiting upconversion to entirely multi-atom processes. However, cw excitation can maintain populations in upconverted states by pair processes, and direct absorption from such states may be important.
An efficiency of nearly 30% has been achieved in an erbium upconversion laser operating at 0.85μm with excitation at 1.5μm. Continuous-wave excitation of fluorescence from the upper laser level is shown to vary as the cue of the pump intensity, and time-resolved studies are used to distinguish between various multiphoton and multiatom processes that potentially contribute to the population inversion. We have been able to show that the inversion is overwhelmingly dominated by a three-body cooperative process, which we refer to as triopumping. The high efficiency of this continuous-wave trio laser is particularly remarkable in view of its operation on a self-terminating transition with lower laser-level pumping.
Continuous-wave lasers in which the emitted photon energy may be up to three times greater than that of the incident pump light by virtue of cooperative (coupled atom) upconversion processes are reported for the first time in this thesis. Cw upconversion laser action was obtained at wavelengths of 0.55μ\muμm, 0.70μ\muμm, 0.85μ\muμm and 2.8μ\muμm using infrared excitation in the range λ\lambdaλ = 1.48-1.70μ\muμm in concentrated crystals of Er:CaF$\sb2$ and Er:LiYF$\sb4$. Detailed aspects of the behavior and internal dynamics of these systems have been considered both experimentally and theoretically in this work. Two limiting approaches were applied to gain theoretical insight into possible unique features of cooperative upconversion lasers. These corresponded to strong and weak coupling theories. A density matrix approach describing the strong coupling limit predicted several new results of cooperative interactions, including enhanced quantum efficiency, enhanced energy transfer, and cooperative instabilities. A rate equation analysis appropriate to weaker coupling was used to confirm that cooperative upconversion lasers can operate continuously on self-terminating transitions and established threshold conditions for pair- and trio-pumped lasers. Time dependent upconversion fluorescence measurements were performed to investigate the pumping mechanism of the new lasers experimentally. These observations and measurement of the intensity dependence of upconversion emission established that the inversion mechanism was exclusively cooperative in nature. Upconversion laser instabilities were also studied and related to nonlinear, cooperative dynamics. Unique features of cooperative upconversion lasers were identified, compared with other upconversion pumping schemes, and exploited to demonstrate the first cw mode-locked solid state laser operating in the visible spectral range. On the basis of this work, it may be concluded that cooperative upconversion provides a practical means of generating coherent radiation in new spectral regions, even on self-terminating transitions.