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Physical Review A

Squeezing and quantum-noise quenching in phase-sensitive optical systems

János A. Bergou, Miguel Orszag, Marlan O. Scully, K. Wódkiewicz

Published May 1, 1989• 27 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a systematic account of the different relations between squeezing, correlated-emission-laser (CEL) quantum-noise quenching, and general phase-diffusion noise expressed in terms of quadrature amplitudes. For a wide class of optical devices as described by a general Fokker-Planck equation, we establish conditions that lead to squeezing and CEL quantum-noise quenching.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.39.5136

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We present a systematic account of the different relations between squeezing, correlated-emission-laser (CEL) quantum-noise quenching, and general phase-diffusion noise expressed in terms of quadrature amplitudes. For a wide class of optical devices as described by a general Fokker-Planck equation, we establish conditions that lead to squeezing and CEL quantum-noise quenching.
We show, via simple geometrical arguments, the quantum-noise quenching in a correlated (spontaneous) emission laser (CEL). This noise quenching is a consequence of the correlation between noise sources which results in a multiplicative noise process. The steady-state distribution for the phase difference between the two electric fields in a CEL is compared and contrasted to that of a standard phase-locked laser. Noise quenching is shown to occur in the case of the CEL via an explicit solution of the Fokker-Planck equation.
An analytical steady-state distribution for the phase difference \ensuremath{\psi} in a correlated spontaneous-emission laser (CEL) is derived based on the amplitude and phase equations of a CEL. This distribution is shown to be an excellent approximation to that obtained from a numerical simulation of the complete set of CEL equations. In particular, the effects of amplitude noise on CEL operation are considered and it is shown that fluctuations in the relative amplitude are also noise quenched.
We study the steady-state operation and noise properties of a laser (or maser) exhibiting phase locking when an ordinary vacuum is replaced by a squeezed vacuum. Such a phase-sensitive laser can be realized by preparing the active medium initially in a coherent superposition of levels involved in the laser transition. We develop a general formalism to treat number-phase fluctuations and quadrature fluctuations. When applied to a one-photon laser with injected atomic coherence, we find that not only is a complete quenching of the (spontaneous-emission) quantum noise possible, but the field can actually be in a squeezed state. The variance in either amplitude or phase quadrature can be below the vacuum noise level by a factor of 2 (50%) at the expense of enhanced fluctuations in the other quadrature.
The theory of a two-mode nondegenerate parametric amplifier in a cavity is reformulated in terms of quadrature-phase-amplitude variables. The corrrespondence with a genuine classical stochastic linear process is found (non-negative-definite diffusion matrices) for the case of a cavity device immersed in thermal or ordinary (nonsqueezed) vacuum sources. A special kind of squeezing, i.e., quadrature squeezing [B. L. Schumaker, Phys. Rep. 135, 318 (1986)], is found to be characteristic of the internal steady state for the case of a cavity model subjected to an additional phase-sensitive noise source coupled to one of the two internal modes. Finally, the usual squeezing spectrum of the output field is calculated in both cases by means of an input-output formalism based upon a symmetric ordering scheme of noncommuting operators, well adapted for the quadrature-phase description of the fields involved in the interaction.
A two-photon laser is modeled as NNN two-level atoms interacting via a two-photon transition with a single resonant-cavity field mode. The quadratic form of this interaction makes such a system a candidate to exhibit reduced quantum fluctuations (squeezing) in one quadrature of the output field. A Fokker-Planck equation containing all leading quantum noise terms is derived following the method of Haken. A linearized fluctuation analysis reveals that there is no squeezing in a two-photon laser with injected signal. A small amount of squeezing may be present in two-photon optical bistability. Our calculations confirm the results of Lugiato and Strini, who adopted a factorization of moment equations.