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Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment

Majorana anyons, non-Abelian statistics and quantum computation in Chern–Simons–Higgs theory

Eduardo C. Marino, Jardel da Costa Brozeguini

Published Sep 30, 2014• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We naturally obtain the NOT and CNOT logic gates, which are key pieces of quantum computing algorithms, in the framework of the non-Abelian Chern–Simons–Higgs theory in two spatial dimensions. For that, we consider the anyonic quantum vortex topological excitations and show that Majorana anyons, namely, self-adjoint combinations of these vortices and anti-vortices, have in general non-Abelian statistics. The associated unitary monodromy braiding matrices become the required logic gates in the special case when the vortex spin is s = 1/4, which corresponds to the case of Ising non-Abelian anyons, found in different quantum computing systems. We explicitly construct the vortex field operators, show that they carry both magnetic flux and charge and obtain their Euclidean correlation functions by using the method of quantization of topological excitations, which is based on the order-disorder duality. These correlators are in general multivalued, the number of sheets being determined by the vortex spin. This, by its turn, is proportional to the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field and therefore can be tuned by both the free parameters of the Higgs potential and the temperature.

DOI
10.1088/1742-5468/2014/09/p09038

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We naturally obtain the NOT and CNOT logic gates, which are key pieces of quantum computing algorithms, in the framework of the non-Abelian Chern–Simons–Higgs theory in two spatial dimensions. For that, we consider the anyonic quantum vortex topological excitations and show that Majorana anyons, namely, self-adjoint combinations of these vortices and anti-vortices, have in general non-Abelian statistics. The associated unitary monodromy braiding matrices become the required logic gates in the special case when the vortex spin is s = 1/4, which corresponds to the case of Ising non-Abelian anyons, found in different quantum computing systems. We explicitly construct the vortex field operators, show that they carry both magnetic flux and charge and obtain their Euclidean correlation functions by using the method of quantization of topological excitations, which is based on the order-disorder duality. These correlators are in general multivalued, the number of sheets being determined by the vortex spin. This, by its turn, is proportional to the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field and therefore can be tuned by both the free parameters of the Higgs potential and the temperature.
We show that one of the fundamental operations of topological quantum computation, namely the non-Abelian braiding of identical particles, can be physically realized in a general system of Dirac quasiparticles in 1 + 1D. Our method is based on the study of the analytic structure of the different Euclidean correlation functions of Dirac fields, which are conveniently expressed as functions of a complex variable. When the Dirac field is an (Abelian) anyon with statistics parameter s (2 s not an integer), we show that the associated Majorana states of such a field present non-Abelian statistics. The explicit form of the unitary, non-commuting (monodromy) matrices generated upon braiding is derived as a function of s and is shown to satisfy the Yang–Baxter algebra. For the special case of s = 1/4, we show that the braiding matrices become the logic gates NOT, CNOT,… required in the algorithms of universal quantum computation. We suggest that maybe polyacetylene, alternately doped with alkali and halogen atoms, is a potential candidate for a physical material realization of the system studied here.
A quantum computer can perform exponentially faster than its classical counterpart. It works on the principle of superposition. But due to the decoherence effect, the superposition of a quantum state gets destroyed by the interaction with the environment. It is a real challenge to completely isolate a quantum system to make it free of decoherence. This problem can be circumvented by the use of topological quantum phases of matter. These phases have quasiparticles excitations called anyons. The anyons are charge-flux composites and show exotic fractional statistics. When the order of exchange matters, then the anyons are called non-Abelian anyons. Majorana fermions in topological superconductors and quasiparticles in some quantum Hall states are non-Abelian anyons. Such topological phases of matter have a ground state degeneracy. The fusion of two or more non-Abelian anyons can result in a superposition of several anyons. The topological quantum gates are implemented by braiding and fusion of the non-Abelian anyons. The fault-tolerance is achieved through the topological degrees of freedom of anyons. Such degrees of freedom are non-local, hence inaccessible to the local perturbations. In this dissertation, we provide a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of logic design in topological quantum computing. The braid group and knot invariants in the skein theory are discussed. The physical insight behind the braiding is explained by the geometric phases and the gauge transformation. The mathematical models for the fusion and braiding are presented in terms of the category theory and the quantum deformation of the recoupling theory. The topological phases of matter are described by the topology of band structure. The wave function of quasiparticles in the quantum Hall effect and the theory of Majorana fermions in topological superconductors are also discussed. The dynamics of the charge-flux composites and their Hilbert space are expressed through the Chern-Simons theory and the two-dimensional topological quantum field theory. The Ising and Fibonacci anyonic models for binary gates are briefly given. Ternary logic gates are more compact than their binary counterparts and naturally arise in a type of anyonic model called the metaplectic anyons. We reduced the quantum cost of the existing ternary quantum arithmetic gates and proposed that these gates can be implemented with the metaplectic anyons.
Classical computation is based on algorithms that manipulate binary variables (bits), which convey the information being processed. Such algorithms are formed by logic units (logic gates), which are basic functions of binary variables yielding an output that will be used in the next step of the algorithm, and so on. Algorithms of classical computation make extensive use of irreversible gates, which can only be used in one direction and, consequently, loose information. Quantum computation, conversely, uses the quantum states of a given Hilbert space (qubits) to store the information [290, 291, 292]. Then, it takes advantage of the fact that these states have a unitary evolution to build data-processing algorithms, which only possess reversible, unitary logic gates. An important point in this scheme is that coherence of the quantum states storing the information is a crucial requirement; otherwise, the information is lost. Nevertheless, we know that quantum systems rapidly loose their coherence as we increase their size. A clever method of coherence protection, therefore, must be devised if we want to have a quantum computer operating on a human scale. For this reason, quantum computation, since its inception, has been always related to the principles of quantum mechanics. The main method of coherence protection involves excitations having the so-called non-abelian statistics. Such excitations were shown to occur in the ν = 5 / 2 plateaus of systems presenting the quantum Hall effect, which is described by the Moore–Read Pfaffian wave-function. Such a state is associated to a Landau–Ginzburg type field theory consisting in the level 2 non-abelian SU(2) Chern–Simons theory in the same way the odd denominator plateaus described by the Laughlin wave-function are associated to the Zhang–Hansson–Kivelson abelian Chern–Simons–Landau–Ginzburg theory. We have shown that the vortex excitations of this theory correspond to the (abelian) anyon excitations of Laughlis's wave-function. In an analogous way, the vortex excitations of the non-abelian Chern–Simons theory are associated to the Pfaffian wave-function excitations, which present non-abelian statistics. Such gapped bulk excitations produce gapless Dirac excitations on the edges, which may combine in specific ways to reproduce the non-abelian statistics exhibited by the bulk vortex states.
Qubits in topological quantum computation are built from non-Abelian anyons. Adiabatic braiding of anyons is exploited as topologically protected logical gate operations. Thus, the adiabaticity upon which the notion of quantum statistics is defined plays a fundamental role in defining the non-Abelian anyons. We study the nonadiabatic effects in braidings of Ising-type anyons, namely, Majorana fermions in topological superconductors, using the formalism of time-dependent Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations. Using this formalism, we consider nonadiabatic corrections to non-Abelian statistics from (1) tunneling splitting of anyons imposing an additional dynamical phase to the transformation of ground states and (2) transitions to excited states that are potentially destructive to non-Abelian statistics since the nonlocal fermion occupation can be spoiled by such processes. However, if the bound states are localized and being braided together with the anyons, non-Abelian statistics can be recovered once the definition of Majorana operators is appropriately generalized taking into account the fermion parity in these states. On the other hand, if the excited states are extended over the whole system and form a continuum, the notion of local fermion parity no longer holds. We then quantitatively characterize the errors introduced in this situation.
Abstract A quantum computer can perform exponentially faster than its classical counterpart. It works on the principle of superposition. But due to the decoherence effect, the superposition of a quantum state gets destroyed by the interaction with the environment. It is a real challenge to completely isolate a quantum system to make it free of decoherence. This problem can be circumvented by the use of topological quantum phases of matter. These phases have quasiparticles excitations called anyons. The anyons are charge-flux composites and show exotic fractional statistics. When the order of exchange matters, then the anyons are called non-abelian anyons. Majorana fermions in topological superconductors and quasiparticles in some quantum Hall states are non-abelian anyons. Such topological phases of matter have a ground state degeneracy. The fusion of two or more non-abelian anyons can result in a superposition of several anyons. The topological quantum gates are implemented by braiding and fusion of the non-abelian anyons. The fault-tolerance is achieved through the topological degrees of freedom of anyons. Such degrees of freedom are non-local, hence inaccessible to the local perturbations. In this paper, the Hilbert space for a topological qubit is discussed. The Ising and Fibonacci anyonic models for binary gates are briefly given. Ternary logic gates are more compact than their binary counterparts and naturally arise in a type of anyonic model called the metaplectic anyons. The mathematical model, for the fusion and braiding matrices of metaplectic anyons, is the quantum deformation of the recoupling theory. We proposed that the existing quantum ternary arithmetic gates can be realized by braiding and topological charge measurement of the metaplectic anyons.
Topological quantum computation encodes quantum information in the internal fusion space of non-Abelian anyonic quasiparticles, whose braiding implements logical gates. This goes beyond Abelian topological order (TO) such as the toric code, as its anyons lack internal structure. However, the simplest non-Abelian generalizations of the toric code do not support universality via braiding alone. Here we demonstrate that such minimally non-Abelian TOs can be made universal by treating anyon fusion as a computational primitive. We prepare a 54-qubit TO wavefunction associated with the smallest non-Abelian group, S3S_3S3​, on Quantinuum's H2 quantum processor. This phase of matter exhibits cyclic anyon fusion rules, known to underpin universality, which we evidence by trapping a single non-Abelian anyon on the torus. We encode logical qutrits in the nonlocal fusion space of non-Abelian fluxes and, by combining an entangling braiding operation with anyon charge measurements, realize a universal topological gate set and read-out, which we further demonstrate by topologically preparing a magic state. This work establishes S3S_3S3​ TO as simple enough to be prepared efficiently, yet rich enough to enable universal topological quantum computation.