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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Structure of a compressible superfluid

Carlos Alberto Condat, Robert Alan Guyer

Published Sep 1, 1981• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A simple model of the spin-polarized hydrogen system in an external field is developed. The thermal and interaction support of the fluid work to prevent its collapse when the Bose-Einstein condensation occurs. The existence of the condensate causes a reduction in the thermal support of the fluid; the condensate is modeled with a local Ginsburg-Landau functional. The effects of temperature, sample size, and external field on the evolution of the fluid are explored.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.24.2874

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Physical Review Letters•Nov 7, 1983•6 citations
A simple model of the spin-polarized hydrogen system in an external field is developed. The thermal and interaction support of the fluid work to prevent its collapse when the Bose-Einstein condensation occurs. The existence of the condensate causes a reduction in the thermal support of the fluid; the condensate is modeled with a local Ginsburg-Landau functional. The effects of temperature, sample size, and external field on the evolution of the fluid are explored.
Spin-polarized atomic hydrogen continues to be one of the most promising candidates for Bose condensation of an atomic system. In contrast to liquid helium, hydrogen is gaseous and therefore its density can be changed to vary its behavior from the weakly to the strongly interacting Bose gas. Until now, efforts to Bose condense hydrogen have been thwarted by recombination and relaxation phenomena. After a long introduction to the subject, two promising approaches to observe quantum degenerate behavior are discussed: the microwave trap and a two-dimensional gas of hydrogen. Introduction Since the stabilization of atomic hydrogen as a spin-polarized gas (H↓), reported in 1980 [1], there has been a continuous effort to observe Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) or other effects of quantum degeneracy in this Bose gas. This challenge has not yet been realized due to the instability of H↓ towards recombination to H 2 or relaxation among hyperfine states as the conditions for BEC are approached. Although this difficulty is formidable, hydrogen presents a unique opportunity to study BEC and the related superfluidity, as it remains a gas to T = 0 [2]. By comparison, 4 He, the only experimentally observed boson fluid, is a strongly interacting superfluid Bose liquid, with little flexibility for varying its density. As a result of the gaseous nature of hydrogen, its density, n , can be varied over several orders of magnitude with the possibility of studying BEC and its relationship to superfluidity, ranging from the weakly to the strongly interacting boson gas.
It is shown here that superfluids (such as 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He-AAA and Bose-condensed spin-polarized hydrogen) whose order parameters transform like an angular momentum eigenstate $|j, m\ensuremath{\ne}0〉$ will have similar superfluidity---similar Josephson and vorticity equations. In particular, if spin-polarized hydrogen condenses into the bbb state as currently believed, it will not have a stable superflow. Nonuniform magnetic fields can also induce in it a persistent current similar to that of 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He-AAA.
A model of spin-polarized hydrogen (H\ensuremath{\uparrow}) is treated in which interactions between atoms are neglected while the single-atom Zeeman and hyperfine interactions are treated exactly. These magnetic terms in the Hamiltonian are found to affect substantially the Bose-Einstein condensation and the various thermodynamic variables. Computations are discussed of the condensation temperature, condensate density, and specific heat in order to indicate how changes in magnetic field strength might be expected to affect future measurements on this quantum system.