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IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)

On the pseudocodeword redundancy

Jens Zumbrägel, Mark F. Flanagan, Vitaly Skachek

Published Jun 1, 2010• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We define the AWGNC, BSC, and max-fractional pseudocodeword redundancy p(C) of a code C as the smallest number of rows in a parity-check matrix such that the corresponding minimum pseudoweight is equal to the minimum Hamming distance of C. We show that most codes do not have a finite p(C). We also provide bounds on the pseudocodeword redundancy for some families of codes, including codes based on designs.

DOI
10.1109/isit.2010.5513618

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We define the AWGNC, BSC, and max-fractional pseudocodeword redundancy p(C) of a code C as the smallest number of rows in a parity-check matrix such that the corresponding minimum pseudoweight is equal to the minimum Hamming distance of C. We show that most codes do not have a finite p(C). We also provide bounds on the pseudocodeword redundancy for some families of codes, including codes based on designs.
The AWGNC, BSC, and max-fractional pseudocodeword redundancy of a code is defined as the smallest number of rows in a parity-check matrix such that the corresponding minimum pseudoweight is equal to the minimum Hamming distance of the code. This paper provides new results on the AWGNC, BSC, and max-fractional pseudocodeword redundancies of codes. The pseudocodeword redundancies for all codes of small length (at most 9) are computed. Also, comprehensive results are provided on the cases of cyclic codes of length at most 250 for which the eigenvalue bound of Vontobel and Koetter is sharp.
For a binary linear code, the pseudocodeword redundancy with respect to the additive white Gaussian noise channel, the binary symmetric channel, or the max-fractional weight is defined to be the smallest number of rows in a parity-check matrix such that the corresponding minimum pseudoweight is equal to the minimum Hamming distance of the code. It is shown that most codes do not have a finite pseudocodeword redundancy. Also, upper bounds on the pseudocodeword redundancy for some families of codes, including codes based on designs, are provided. The pseudocodeword redundancies for all codes of small length (at most 9) are computed. Furthermore, comprehensive results are provided on the cases of cyclic codes of length at most 250 for which the eigenvalue bound of Vontobel and Koetter is sharp.
The concepts of pseudocodeword and pseudoweight play a fundamental role in the finite-length analysis of LDPC codes. The pseudoredundancy of a binary linear code is defined as the minimum number of rows in a parity-check matrix such that the corresponding minimum pseudoweight equals its minimum Hamming distance. By using the value assignment of Chen and Kløve we present new results on the pseudocodeword redundancy of binary linear codes. In particular, we give several upper bounds on the pseudoredundancies of certain codes with repeated and added coordinates and of certain shortened subcodes. We also investigate several kinds of k-dimensional binary codes and compute their exact pseudocodeword redundancy.
The minimum pseudocodeword weightwminof a linear graph-based code is more influential in determining decoding performance when decoded via iterative and linear programming decoding algorithms than the classical minimum distancedminunder standard maximum-likelihood decoding Moreover, unlike the minimum distance which is unique to the code regardless of representation, the set of pseudocodewords, and therefore also the minimum pseudocodeword weight, depends on the graph representation used in decoding as well as on the communication channel. This means that a judicious choice of parity-check matrix is crucial for realizing the best potential of any graph-based code. In this paper, we introduce the notion ofpseudoweightredundancyfor the memoryless binary symmetric channel (BSC). Analogous to the stopping redundancy in the literature, this parameter gives the smallest number of rows needed for a parity-check matrix to havedmin=wmin. We provide some upper bounds on the BSC-pseudoweight redundancy and illustrate the concept with some results for Hamming codes, tree-based and finite geometry LDPC codes, Reed-Muller codes and Hadamard codes.
Pseudocodewords, and in particular minimal pseudocodewords, play an important role in understanding the performance of linear programming (LP) decoding. In this paper, we investigate minimal pseudocodewords of binary Hamming codes described by full-rank parity-check matrices. We first provide some general results on minimal pseudocodewords with support size 3 of a binary parity-check matrix. We also prove a lower bound on the minimum binary symmetric channel (BSC) pseudoweight of a binary parity-check matrix. Then we prove that a full-rank parity-check matrix of a binary Hamming code has minimal pseudocodewords of certain types whose support sizes are larger than 3. Interestingly enough, the BSC pseudoweight of all these minimal pseudocodewords is 2. Using this fact as well as the above-mentioned lower bound, we further prove that a full-rank parity-check matrix of a binary Hamming code has minimum BSC pseudoweight 2. Moreover, the additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGNC) pseudoweight of all these minimal pseudocodewords is 3. Based on numerical observations, we conjecture that a full-rank parity-check matrix of a binary Hamming code has minimum AWGNC pseudoweight 3. Finally, we provide more properties of a subset of minimal pseudocodewords of a full-rank parity-check matrix of a binary Hamming code.