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Physical Review A

Experimental demonstration of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm in homonuclear multispin systems

Zhen Wu, Jun Li, Wenqiang Zheng, J. L. Luo, Mang Feng, Xinhua Peng

Published Oct 6, 2011• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Despite early experimental tests of the Deutsch-Jozsa (DJ) algorithm, there have been only a very few nontrivial balanced functions tested for register number $n>3$. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the DJ algorithm in four- and five-qubit homonuclear spin systems by the nuclear-magnetic-resonance technique, by which we encode the one function evaluation into a long shaped pulse with the application of the gradient ascent algorithm. Our work, dramatically reducing the accumulated errors due to gate imperfections and relaxation, demonstrates a better implementation of the DJ algorithm.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.84.042312

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Despite early experimental tests of the Deutsch-Jozsa (DJ) algorithm, there have been only a very few nontrivial balanced functions tested for register number n>3n>3n>3. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the DJ algorithm in four- and five-qubit homonuclear spin systems by the nuclear-magnetic-resonance technique, by which we encode the one function evaluation into a long shaped pulse with the application of the gradient ascent algorithm. Our work, dramatically reducing the accumulated errors due to gate imperfections and relaxation, demonstrates a better implementation of the DJ algorithm.
The Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm distinguishes constant functions from balanced functions with a single evaluation. In the first part of the work, we present simulations of the nuclear magnetic resonance application of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm to a 3-spin system for all possible balanced functions. Three different kinds of initial states are considered: a thermal state, a pseudopure state, and a pair (difference) of pseudopure states. Then, simulations of several balanced functions and the two constant functions of a 5-spin system are described. Finally, corresponding experimental spectra obtained by using a 16-frequency pulse to create an input equivalent to either a constant function or a balanced function are presented, and the results are compared with those obtained from computer simulations.
In this study, we report the experimental realization of seven-qubit Deutsch-Jozsa (D-J) algorithm and controlled phase-shift gates with improved precision using liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The experimental results have shown that transformationsU f in the seven-qubit D-J algorithm have been implemented with different pulse sequences, and whetherf is constant or balanced is determined by using only a single function call (U f ). Furthermore, we propose an experimental method to measure and correct the error in the controlled phase-shift gate that is simple and feasible in experiments, and can have precise phase shifts. These may offer the possibility of surmounting the difficulties of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in multi-qubit NMR quantum computers, more complicated experimental techniques, and the increase of gate errors due to using a large number of imperfect selective pulses. These are also applied to more complicated quantum algorithms with more qubits, such as quantum Fourier transformation and Shor’s algorithm.
A new approach to the implementation of a quantum computer by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is described. The key feature is that two or more line-selective radio-frequency pulses are applied simultaneously. A three-qubit quantum computer has been investigated using the 400 MHz NMR spectrum of the three coupled protons in 2,3-dibromopropanoic acid. It has been employed to implement the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm for distinguishing between constant and balanced functions. The extension to systems containing more coupled spins is straightforward and does not require a more protracted experiment.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been widely used as a demonstrative medium for showcasing the ability for quantum computations to outperform classical ones. A large number of such experiments performed have been implementations of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. It is known, however, that in some cases the Deutsch-Jozsa problem can be solved classically using as many queries to the black-box as in the quantum solution. In this paper we describe experiments in which we take the contrasting approach of using NMR as a classical computing medium, treating the nuclear spin vectors classically and utilising an alternative embedding of bits into the physical medium. This allows us to determine the actual Boolean function computed by the black-box for the n=1,2 cases, as opposed to only the nature (balanced or constant) as conventional quantum algorithms do. Discussion of these experiments leads to some clarification of the complications surrounding the comparison of different quantum algorithms, particularly black-box type algorithms.
A scheme to execute an \\eta-bit Deutsch-Jozsa (DJ) algorithm using \\eta qubits has been implemented for up to three qubits on an NMR quantum computer. For the one- and the two-bit Deutsch problem, the qubits do not get entangled, and the NMR implementation is achieved without using spin-spin interactions. It is for the three-bit case, that the manipulation of entangled states becomes essential. The interactions through scalar J-couplings in NMR spin systems have been exploited to implement entangling transformations required for the three bit DJ algorithm.
Quantum adiabatic algorithms is a method of solving computational problems by evolving the ground state of a slowly varying Hamiltonian. The technique uses evolution of the ground state of a slowly varying Hamiltonian to reach the required output state. The adiabatic Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm given be Saurya Das, Randy Kobes and Gabor Kunstatter [Phys. Rev. A. 65, 062301 (2002)], shows how the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm can be implemented in N^{1/2} steps, where N=2^n and n is the number of qubits, using local adiabatic evolution. In this paper we report the experimental implementation of the adiabatic Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm in a two qubit quantum information processor by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.