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The Review of Laser Engineering

Optical Lattice Clocks with Non-Interacting Bosons and Fermions

Hidetoshi Katori, Masao Takamoto, Tomoya Akatsuka

Published Jan 1, 2008• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on frequency comparison of two optical lattice clocks based on fermionic 87Sr trapped in 1D optical lattice and bosonic 88Sr in 3D one. We discuss that these two lattice clock configurations would optimize the lattice clocks' performance from the view point of the quantum statistical properties of interrogated atoms and optical lattice geometries. The frequency comparison of two optical clocks offers an important step to investigate the lattice clocks' uncertainty less than 10-15, where no working standard exists.

DOI
10.2184/lsj.36.1004

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S. Origlia, M.S. Pramod

Optical lattice clocks with uncertainty and instability in the 10􀀀17-range and below have so far been demonstrated exclusively using fermions. Here, we demonstrate a bosonic optical lattice clock with 3 10􀀀18 instability and 2:0 10􀀀17 accuracy, both values improving on previous work by a factor 30. This was enabled by probing the clock transition with an ultra-long interrogation time of 4 s, using the long coherence time provided by a cryogenic silicon resonator, by careful stabilization of relevant operating parameters, and by operating at low atom density. This work demonstrates that bosonic clocks, in combination with highly coherent interrogation lasers, are suitable for highaccuracy applications with particular requirements, such as high reliability, transportability, operation in space, or suitability for particular fundamental physics topics. As an example, we determine the 88Sr { 87Sr isotope shift with 12 mHz uncertainty.

•Feb 24, 2018•1 citation
We report on frequency comparison of two optical lattice clocks based on fermionic 87Sr trapped in 1D optical lattice and bosonic 88Sr in 3D one. We discuss that these two lattice clock configurations would optimize the lattice clocks' performance from the view point of the quantum statistical properties of interrogated atoms and optical lattice geometries. The frequency comparison of two optical clocks offers an important step to investigate the lattice clocks' uncertainty less than 10-15, where no working standard exists.
We discuss two possible configurations for optical lattice clocks; a one-dimensional (1D) lattice loaded with spinpolarized fermions, and a three-dimensional (3D) lattice loaded with bosons. In the former scheme, collisional frequency shifts are suppressed by the quantum statistical property of identical fermions. This Pauli blocking of collisions is critically dependent on the degree of spin polarization of the fermionic atoms, which we carefully investigated in the Rabi excitation process of the clock transition. In the latter scheme, a single occupancy lattice suppresses bunching of bosons and collisional frequency shifts. We demonstrate a frequency comparison of these two optical lattice clocks based on fermionic 87Sr and bosonic 88Sr. Operating these clocks parallely has yielded a stability approaching 10−17. Such measurements are an important step to ascertain the lattice clocks' uncertainty at the 10−17 level and beyond.
We consider designs of optical lattice clocks in view of the quantum statistics, relevant atomic spins, and atom-lattice interactions. The first two issues lead to two optimal constructions for the clock: a one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice loaded with spin-polarized fermions and a 3D optical lattice loaded with bosons. By taking atomic multipolar interactions with the lattice fields into account, an "atomic motion insensitive" wavelength is proposed to provide a precise definition of the "magic wavelength." We then present a frequency comparison of these two optical lattice clocks: spin-polarized fermionic 87 Sr and bosonic 88 Sr prepared in 1D and 3D optical lattices, respectively. Synchronous interrogations of these two optical lattice clocks by the same probe laser allowed canceling out its frequency noise as a common mode noise to achieve a relative stability of 3 × 10 −17 for an averaging time of τ = 350 s. The scheme, therefore, provides us with a powerful means to investigate intrinsic uncertainty of the clocks regardless of the probe laser stability. We discuss prospects of the synchronous operation of the clocks on the measurement of the geoid height difference and on the search of constancy of fundamental constants.
We discuss configurations of optical lattice clocks from the viewpoint of lattice geometries and quantum statistics of interrogated atoms. This leads to two promising schemes; one-dimensional lattice loaded with spin-polarized fermions and three-dimensional lattice loaded with bosons. These two optical lattice clocks based on fermionic87Sr and bosonic88Sr were demonstrated by measuring the frequency stability as well as their isotope shift. In addition, we address our ongoing experimental challenges for optical lattice clocks.
We demonstrate the frequency comparison of two optical lattice clocks at the relative stabilities close to the quantum projection noise (QPN) limit of optical lattice clocks. This stable frequency comparison is accomplished by synchronous interrogations of two clocks by a common probe laser, which allows us to cancel out the probe laser's frequency noise. We perform the frequency comparison of a one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice clock with spin-polarized fermions 87Sr and a three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice clock with unity-occupation bosons 88Sr and achieve the Allan standard deviation of σγ(τ)=4×10-16 τ-1/2, which corresponds to the QPN limited stability for N=1,000 atoms and the spectrum linewidth γ=8 Hz. The relative stability reaches 1×10-17 with an averaging time of 1,600 s. Finally, we discuss the prospects to realize 10-18 fractional inaccuracies and the possible application of frequency comparison with synchronous interrogations to remote clocks' comparison for relativistic geodesy.
Optical lattice clocks with uncertainty and instability in the 10􀀀17-range and below have so far been demonstrated exclusively using fermions. Here, we demonstrate a bosonic optical lattice clock with 3 10􀀀18 instability and 2:0 10􀀀17 accuracy, both values improving on previous work by a factor 30. This was enabled by probing the clock transition with an ultra-long interrogation time of 4 s, using the long coherence time provided by a cryogenic silicon resonator, by careful stabilization of relevant operating parameters, and by operating at low atom density. This work demonstrates that bosonic clocks, in combination with highly coherent interrogation lasers, are suitable for highaccuracy applications with particular requirements, such as high reliability, transportability, operation in space, or suitability for particular fundamental physics topics. As an example, we determine the 88Sr { 87Sr isotope shift with 12 mHz uncertainty.