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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Study of Rb atomic transitions D 1,2 lines in strong magnetic field based on fluorescence spectra of sub-micron thin cell

G. Hakhumyan, Armen D. Sargsyan, Claude Leroy, Y. Pashayan-Leroy, David G. Sarkisyan

Published Oct 29, 2010• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The so-called "λ/2-Zeeman technique" (HLZT) for studies of individual optical transition between Zeeman sublevels of atomic hyperfine structure in an external magnetic field of B = 10 - 2500 G is presented. Particularly, implementation of HLZT allows one to realize a direct determination of frequency shift and a strong modification of an optical transition probability between Zeeman components in a B-field. The main advantages of the method compared to "λ-Zeeman technique" (LZT) is that it allows one to study weak transitions. Particularly, with the help of fluorescence on 87Rb, D2 line, Fg = 1 → Fe = 3 transitions, three "forbidden" transitions in magnetic field B are detected and studied. Also, on 87Rb D1 line, Fg = 1, mF = 0 → Fe = 1, mF = 0 "forbidden" transition is detected when B ~ 400 G. A strong modification of the probability for these "forbidden" transitions is revealed. The theoretical model well describes the observed results.

DOI
10.1117/12.890893

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Journal of Contemporary Physics (Armenian Academy of Sciences)•Dec 1, 2007•10 citations
The so-called "λ/2-Zeeman technique" (HLZT) for studies of individual optical transition between Zeeman sublevels of atomic hyperfine structure in an external magnetic field of B = 10 - 2500 G is presented. Particularly, implementation of HLZT allows one to realize a direct determination of frequency shift and a strong modification of an optical transition probability between Zeeman components in a B-field. The main advantages of the method compared to "λ-Zeeman technique" (LZT) is that it allows one to study weak transitions. Particularly, with the help of fluorescence on 87Rb, D2 line, Fg = 1 → Fe = 3 transitions, three "forbidden" transitions in magnetic field B are detected and studied. Also, on 87Rb D1 line, Fg = 1, mF = 0 → Fe = 1, mF = 0 "forbidden" transition is detected when B ~ 400 G. A strong modification of the probability for these "forbidden" transitions is revealed. The theoretical model well describes the observed results.
The energy levels of atoms placed in an external magnetic field undergo frequency shifts and changes in their transition probabilities. It is demonstrated that using fluorescence spectra from a submicron thin vapour cell (STC) with the thickness L = λ/2, it is possible to efficiently study the above mentioned changes (“half-λ Zeeman technique” (HLZT)). The circularly polarized beam of extended-cavity diode laser (λ = 794 nm, laser bandwidth γL < 1 MHz) resonant with 87Rb D1 transition, after passing through Faraday isolator is directed onto the Rb STC with the thickness L = λ/2. The temperature of the STC is 120 °C, corresponding to N ~ 1013 atom/cm3. STC was provided by a special oven with 3 openings: 2 inlets for laser beam passage, and one orthogonal inlet for side fluorescence detection. This geometry allows simultaneous recording of fluorescence and transmission spectra. STC with the oven is placed between two strong permanent ring magnets and by changing the distance between them it is possible to form a strong magnetic field up to 4500 G. In [1], “λ-Zeeman technique” (LZT) is shown to be efficient to study individual transitions between the Zeeman sublevels of hyperfine levels in an external magnetic field up to 2400 G. LZT uses STC with thickness L = λ, where λ is 794 nm (780 nm) for D1 line (D2 line) of Rb. Narrow velocity selective optical pumping/saturation (VSOP) resonances in the transmission spectrum of the STC are split into several components in the magnetic field; their frequency positions and probabilities depend on the B-field. We present comparison of HLZT and LZT in a wide region of magnetic fields up to 4500 G. We present the fluorescence spectrum for L = λ/2 and the transmission spectrum for L = λ. The VSOP resonances in the LZT-curve are narrower meanwhile the advantage of HLZT is that the fluorescence appears on a flat background. Applications such as magnetometer with high spatial resolution and the theoretical model describing well the experiment will be presented.
We describe the so-called "Lambda-Zeeman method" to investigate individual hyperfine transitions between Zeeman sublevels of atoms in an external magnetic field of 0.1 mT - 0.25 T. Atoms are confined in a nanocell with thickness L = Lambda, where Lambda is the resonant wavelength (794 nm or 780 nm for D1 or D2 line of Rb). Narrow resonances in the transmission spectrum of the nanocell are split into several components in a magnetic field; their frequency positions and probabilities depend on the B-field. Possible applications are described, such as magnetometers with nanometric spatial resolution and tunable atomic frequency references.
It is experimentally demonstrated that use of an extremely thin cell (ETC) with the thickness of a Rb atomic vapor column of ∼400 nm allows one to resolve a large number of individual transitions between Zeeman sublevels of the D1 line of 87Rb and 85Rb in the sub-Doppler fluorescence excitation spectra in an external magnetic field of ∼200 G. It is revealed that due to the peculiarities of the Zeeman effect for different hyperfine levels of Rb, all allowed transitions between magnetic sublevels can be clearly resolved for 87RbF_g = 1 --> F_e = 1, 2 and F_g = 2 --> F_e = 1, 2 fluorescence excitation. Also, relatively good spectral resolution can be achieved for 85RbF_g = 2 --> F_e = 2, 3 fluorescence excitation. Some partial resolution of transitions between magnetic sublevels is achieved for 85RbF_g = 3 --> F_e = 2, 3 fluorescence excitation. The spectral resolution of individual transitions allows one to easily observe both linear and nonlinear Zeeman effects in the fluorescence excitation spectra obtained with the help of the ETC. In the fluorescence spectra of a cell of usual length there is no evidence of a spectral resolution of individual transitions at B ∼ 200 G. A simple magnetometer based on ETC with Rb with a submicrometer spatial resolution is described.
We describe the so-called λ-Zeeman method to investigate individual hyperfine transitions between Zeeman sublevels of atoms in an external magnetic field of 0.1mT–0.25T. Atoms are confined in a nanocell with thickness L=λ, where λ is the resonant wavelength (794 or 780nm for D1 or D2 line, respectively, of Rb). Narrow resonances in the transmission spectrum of the nanocell are split into several components in a magnetic field; their frequency positions and transition probabilities depend on the B field. Possible applications are described, such as magnetometers with nanometric spatial resolution and tunable atomic frequency references.
An extremely thin cell with a wedge gap was developed that makes it possible to form a column of Rb atom vapor with thickness in the range from 100 to 600 nm. It is experimentally shown that the use of this cell, along with commercially available diode lasers, allows one to spectrally resolve individual transitions between the Zeeman sublevels of the hyperfine structure of the 87Rb D 1 line (transitions F g =1, 2→F e =1, 2) in the resonance fluorescence spectrum in the presence of an external magnetic field (B≈200 G). This makes it possible to realize systems consisting of nondegenerate atomic levels. For comparison, it is shown that transitions between the Zeeman sublevels in the fluorescence spectrum obtained with the aid of a conventional cell (1–10 cm long) in an external magnetic field with B∼200 G remain completely masked by the Doppler-broadened profile. The results obtained can be used for the creation of a simple magnetometer based on an extremely thin cell with Rb vapor for the measurement of magnetic fields with a submicron local spatial resolution.
We propose a technique which we call “ L = λ Zeeman technique” (LZT) for investigation of the transitions between the Zeeman sublevels of the hfs structure of alkali metal atoms in external magnetic fields. The technique is based on the employment of a nanocell with the thickness of the Rb atom vapor column equal to the wavelength of the laser radiation, 780 nm, resonant with the atomic rubidium D 2 transition. At the laser intensities of about 1 mW/cm 2 in the transmission spectrum of the nanocell narrow (∼ 30 MHz) resonant peaks of reduced absorption appear localized exactly on the atomic transitions. In magnetic fields these peaks are split and their amplitudes and frequency positions depend on the magnetic field strength. The theoretical model well describes the experimental results.