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Physica Scripta

Local gauge invariance versus slave boson-like representations in systems with strongly correlated electrons

I. Sandalov, M Richter

Published Oct 1, 1996• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The flux phase solutions in the t-J model, the gauge theories with Chern-Simons term, promising new exciting physics, are so far obtained only within slave-boson (or fermion) approaches, where local gauge invariance is not taken into account exactly. We inspect the possibility to do this, mainly, in the example of the t-J model. The analysis of different parametrizations in the functional representation shows that (i) calculations which take into account constraints for the number of on-site-available states are describing quasiparticles in terms of the wrong local statistics, and contain gauge non-invariant objects; (ii) application of the projection technique in the slave-boson(fermion) representation reproduces the correct statistics, and is exactly equivalent to the conventional diagram technique for Hubbard operators. In the language of slave bosons this means that the Fourier transformation leading to Bloch states should be made only after accounting constraints in the measure of functional integral.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/54/4/020

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The flux phase solutions in the t-J model, the gauge theories with Chern-Simons term, promising new exciting physics, are so far obtained only within slave-boson (or fermion) approaches, where local gauge invariance is not taken into account exactly. We inspect the possibility to do this, mainly, in the example of the t-J model. The analysis of different parametrizations in the functional representation shows that (i) calculations which take into account constraints for the number of on-site-available states are describing quasiparticles in terms of the wrong local statistics, and contain gauge non-invariant objects; (ii) application of the projection technique in the slave-boson(fermion) representation reproduces the correct statistics, and is exactly equivalent to the conventional diagram technique for Hubbard operators. In the language of slave bosons this means that the Fourier transformation leading to Bloch states should be made only after accounting constraints in the measure of functional integral.
We reanalyse the mathematical formulation of the flux-state problem within the ttt-JJJ model. The analysis of different parametrizations in the functional representation shows that (i) calculations which take into account constraints for the number of on-site-available states are describing quasiparticles in terms of wrong local statistics, and contain gauge non-invariant objects; (ii) application of the projection technique in the slave-boson(fermion) representation reproduces the correct statistics, and is exactly equivalent to the conventional diagram technique for Hubbard operators; (iii) it is necessary to introduce an additional equation for the effective hopping amplitude for the flux phase. With the technique for Hubbard operators, which allows one to separate charge and spin channels we construct the mean-field equations for a flux-like state which coexists with Néel antiferromagnetism (AF). The formal analysis shows that the equations for real and imaginary parts of the effective hopping amplitude are inconsistent for any θ≠0θ\neq 0θ=0 (including θ=π/4θ=π/4θ=π/4 which gives flux 1/2). The hopping amplitude is slightly supressed by exchange renormalization. The Néel magnetization mmm decreases with increasing concentration of holes. The region where antiferromagnetism exists is decreasing
In the slave particle representation with U(1)U(1)U(1) gauge symmetry, local constraints on physical states characterized by various mean field solutions belong to Dirac's second-class ones. Although constrained systems are extensively investigated, realistic methods to solve the gauge theory problem with second-class constraints are yet to be developed. We formulate a Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) quantization theory, called consistent U(1)U(1)U(1) gauge theory, that is consistent with both first- and second-class local constraints for strongly correlated condensed matter systems. In our consistent U(1)U(1)U(1) gauge theory, the redundant gauge degrees of freedom are removed by proper gauge fixing conditions while the constraints are exactly retained and the gauge invariance is guaranteed by the BRST symmetry. Furthermore, the gauge fixing conditions endow the gauge field with dynamics. This turns the strongly correlated electron model into a weakly coupled slave boson model, so most of the system's physical properties can be calculated by the conventional quantum many-body perturbation method. We focus on the property of the strange metal phase in the $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model. The electron momentum distribution and the spectral function are calculated, and the non-Fermi-liquid behavior agrees with the angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements for cuprate materials. We also study the electromagnetic responses of the strange metal state. The observed non-Fermi-liquid anomalies are captured by our calculations. Especially, we find that the Hall resistivity decreases as temperature increases, and the sign of the Hall resistivity varies from negative to positive when the dopant concentration varies from optimal doping to underdoping in the strange metal regime.
In this paper, we develop a new type of slave particle method which is similar to the slave rotor model except that the quantum rotor is substituted by a spin one slave particle. The spin-one slave particle itself can be represented in terms of Schwinger bosons/fermions. This approach is more conveniently applicable to the strongly correlated Hamiltonians with on-site Hubbard interaction and resolves the limitations of using the slave rotor model as well as the Anderson-Zou slave particle technique. For instance, the mean-field parameters of the slave spin method do not vanish above the Mott transition and this approach is smoothly connected to the non-interacting limit. As an example, we study the phase diagram of the Kane-Mele-Hubbard model using our current approach. In the absence of the spin-orbit interaction, the Mott transition occurs at Uc 3t1U_c ~ 3 t_1Uc​ 3t1​. Several aspects of the slave spin method, its gauge theory and various possible mean-field states associated with this approach have been discussed.
Slave-particle method is a powerful tool to tackle the correlation effect in quantum many-body physics. Although it has been successfully used to comprehend various intriguing problems, such as Mott metal–insulator transition and Kondo effect, there is still no convincing theory so far on the availability and limitation of this method. The abuse of slave-particle method may lead to wrong physics. As the simplest slave-particle method, Z 2 slave spin, which is widely applied to many strongly correlated problems, is highly accessible and researchable. In this work, we will uncover the nature of the Z 2 slave-spin method by studying a two-site Hubbard model. After exploring aspects of properties of this toy model, we make a comparative analysis of the results obtained by three methods: (i) slave-spin method on mean-field level, (ii) slave-spin method with gauge constraint, and (iii) the exact solution as a benchmark. We find that, protected by the particle–hole symmetry, the slave-spin mean-field method can recover the static properties of ground state exactly at half filling. Furthermore, in the parameter space where both U and T are small enough, the slave-spin mean-field method is also reliable in calculating the dynamic and thermal dynamic properties. However, when U or T is considerably large, the mean-field approximation gives ill-defined behaviors, which result from the unphysical states in the enlarged Hilbert space. These findings lead to our conclusion that the accuracy of slave particle can be guaranteed if we can exclude all unphysical states by enforcing gauge constraints. Our work demonstrates the promising prospect of slave-particle method in studying complex strongly correlated models with specific symmetry or in certain parameter space.
A systematic extension of the model of almost localized fermions to finite temperatures is presented. It consists in accounting for the quantum fluctuations beyond the Gutzwiller approximation (GA). We use the slave-boson formulation of the Hubbard model which has been proved to be equivalent at the saddle-point level to the GA. We determine the values of the Lagrange multipliers introduced to enforce the constraints, and show how they involve a Mott gap at nearly half filling for U>Uc{U}_{c}Uc​ (localization edge). The results of the GA for the correlation functions are reproduced at the saddle point when taking into account the implicit dependence of the boson fields with the external excitation. The Gaussian fluctuations are then considered in a renormalized basis of the boson fields which brings out two distinct channels (symmetric s and antisymmetric a). We show how the free energy and the correlation functions can be simply expressed as a function of the same Landau parameters F0s{F}_{0}^{s}F0s​ and F0a{F}_{0}^{a}F0a​ defined in the GA.