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Physical Review A

Initial cooperative decay rate and cooperative Lamb shift of resonant atoms in an infinite cylindrical geometry

Richard M. Friedberg, Jamal T. Manassah

Published Aug 24, 2011• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We obtain in both the scalar and vector photon models the analytical expressions for the initial cooperative decay rate and the cooperative Lamb shift for an ensemble of resonant atoms distributed uniformly in an infinite cylindrical geometry for the case that the initial state of the system is prepared in a phased state modulated in the direction of the cylindrical axis. We find that qualitatively the scalar and vector theories give different results.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.84.023839

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We obtain in both the scalar and vector photon models the analytical expressions for the initial cooperative decay rate and the cooperative Lamb shift for an ensemble of resonant atoms distributed uniformly in an infinite cylindrical geometry for the case that the initial state of the system is prepared in a phased state modulated in the direction of the cylindrical axis. We find that qualitatively the scalar and vector theories give different results.
A landmark in the development of quantum electrodynamics was the discovery that emission–reabsorption of virtual photons modifies the value of energy levels in an atom from those computed by using Dirac’s equation (Lamb shift). An early result of statistical quantum electrodynamics was that the exchange of virtual photons in an ensemble of identical atoms leads as well to a change in the frequency of the radiation emitted from this system (cooperative Lamb shift). Dicke’s discovery that coherence effects lead to the shortening of the emission lifetime from a small sample by a factor equal to the number of atoms in the ensemble (superradiance or cooperative decay rate) was an early landmark in quantum optics. Both cooperative decay rate and cooperative Lamb shift were shown to have the same physical origin—the exchange of virtual photons, a process described by the Lienard–Wiechert dipole–dipole interaction. This effective potential is the kernel of the integral equation describing the dynamics of the system. This complex long-range kernel gives, for both cooperative quantities, strong dependence on the geometry of the atomic cloud. I summarize the known expressions for the initial cooperative decay rate and the cooperative Lamb shift in different geometries. The results for both the scalar photon and the vector photon (electrodynamics) theories for experimentally realizable systems of either uniform or phased polarization are given.
The cooperative Lamb shift (CLS) is hard to measure because in samples much larger than a resonant wavelength it is much smaller, for an initially prepared resonantly phased state, than the cooperative decay rate (CDR). We show, however, that if the phasing of the initial state is detuned so that the spatial wave vector is ${k}_{1}\ensuremath{\cong}{k}_{0}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}O(\frac{1}{R})$ (where ${k}_{0}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}/c$ is the resonant frequency), the CLS grows to ``giant'' magnitudes making it comparable to the CDR. Moreover, for certain controlled values of detuning, the initial CDR becomes small so that the dynamical Lamb shift (DLS) can be measured over a considerable period of time.
The eigenmodes of a nanosphere configuration where the core is an ensemble of two-level atoms with resonance frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{C}$, and the shell is an ensemble of two-level atoms but with shifted resonant frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{B}$ are obtained for different values of the ratio of the core radius to the shell outer radius as function of $({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{C}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{B})$. I show that the eigenmodes belong to one of two branches. The dominant decay mode for superradiant emission may belong to either branch, depending on the system's parameters. In instances of configurations where the cooperative decay rate values for the two branches become equal, the cooperative exponential amplification (decay) is accompanied by temporal oscillations.