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Physical Review A

Vortex lattices in fast rotating Bose-Einstein condensates between the Thomas-Fermi and the lowest-Landau-level regimes

Zhongzhou Chen, Changru Ma, Yong-li Ma

Published Nov 20, 2006• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present an explicit analytical analysis of the ground state of vortex lattice structures, based on a minimization of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional in a fast rotating Bose-Einstein condensate between the Thomas-Fermi and the lowest-Landau-level regimes. By a Bogoliubov-like transformation we find that the coarse-grained average of the atomic density varies as ${[1\ensuremath{-}({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})∕{R}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{2}]}^{3∕2}$ in the $xy$ plane, and that the vortices form an almost regular triangular lattice. Our variational calculation is quantitatively and qualitatively consistent with recent analytical, numerical, and experimental data.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.74.055602

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We present an explicit analytical analysis of the ground state of vortex lattice structures, based on a minimization of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional in a fast rotating Bose-Einstein condensate between the Thomas-Fermi and the lowest-Landau-level regimes. By a Bogoliubov-like transformation we find that the coarse-grained average of the atomic density varies as [1\ensuremath−(x2+y2)∕R\ensuremath⊥2]3∕2{[1\ensuremath{-}({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})∕{R}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{2}]}^{3∕2}[1\ensuremath−(x2+y2)∕R\ensuremath⊥2​]3∕2 in the xyxyxy plane, and that the vortices form an almost regular triangular lattice. Our variational calculation is quantitatively and qualitatively consistent with recent analytical, numerical, and experimental data.
We consider a periodic vortex lattice in a rotating Bose-Einstein-condensed gas, where the centrifugal potential is exactly compensated by the external harmonic trap. By introducing a gauge transformation which makes the Hamiltonian periodic, we numerically solve the two-dimensional (2D) Gross-Pitaevskii equation finding the exact mean field ground state. In particular, we explore the crossover between the Thomas-Fermi regime, holding for large values of the coupling constant, and the lowest Landau level limit, corresponding to the weakly interacting case. Explicit results are given for the equation of state, the vortex core size, as well as the elastic shear modulus, which is crucial for the calculation of the Tkachenko frequencies.
We show that, within mean-field theory, the density profile of a rapidly rotating harmonically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate is of the Thomas-Fermi form as long as the number of vortices is much larger than unity. Two forms of the condensate wave function are explored: (i) the lowest Landau level (LLL) wave function with a regular lattice of vortices multiplied by a slowly varying envelope function, which gives rise to components in higher Landau levels; (ii) the LLL wave function with a nonuniform vortex lattice. From variational calculations, we find it most favorable energetically to retain the LLL form of the wave function but to allow the vortices to deviate slightly from a regular lattice. The predicted distortions of the lattice are small, but in accord with recent measurements at lower rates of rotation.
We develop an approach for calculating stationary states of rotating Bose-Einstein condensates in harmonic traps which is applicable for arbitrary ratios of the rotation frequency to the transverse frequency of the trap ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$. Assuming the number of vortices to be large, we write the condensate wave function as the product of a function that describes the structure of individual vortices times an envelope function varying slowly on the scale of the vortex spacing. By minimizing the energy, we derive Gross-Pitaevskii equations that determine the properties of individual vortices and the global structure of the cloud. For low rotation rates, the structure of a vortex is that of an isolated vortex in a uniform medium, while for rotation rates approaching the frequency of the trap (the mean-field lowest-Landau-level regime), the structure is that of the lowest ppp-wave state of a particle in a harmonic trap with frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$. The global structure of the cloud is determined by minimizing the energy with respect to variations of the envelope function; for conditions appropriate to most experimental investigations to date, we predict that the transverse density profile of the cloud will be of the Thomas-Fermi form, rather than the Gaussian structure predicted on the assumption that the wave function consists only of components in the lowest Landau level for a regular array of vortices.
We present the results of numerical calculations of the ground states of weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates containing large numbers of vortices. Our calculations show that these ground states appear to be close to uniform triangular vortex lattices. However, slight deviations from a uniform triangular lattice have dramatic consequences on the overall particle distribution. In particular, we demonstrate that the overall particle distribution averaged on a length scale large compared to the vortex lattice constant is well approximated by a Thomas-Fermi profile.
For a fast rotating condensate in a harmonic trap, we investigate the structure of the vortex lattice using wave functions minimizing the Gross-Pitaevskii energy in the lowest Landau level. We find that the minimizer of the energy in the rotating frame has a distorted vortex lattice for which we plot the typical distribution. We compute analytically the energy of an infinite regular lattice and of a class of distorted lattices. We find the optimal distortion and relate it to the decay of the wave function. Finally, we generalize our method to other trapping potentials.
We present an analytical solution for the vortex lattice in a rapidly rotating trapped Bose-Einstein condensate in the lowest Landau level and discuss deviations from the Thomas-Fermi density profile. This solution is exact in the limit of a large number of vortices and is obtained for the cases of circularly symmetric and narrow channel geometries. The latter is realized when the trapping frequencies in the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis are different from each other and the rotation frequency is equal to the smallest of them. This leads to the cancellation of the trapping potential in the direction of the weaker confinement and makes the system infinitely elongated in this direction. For this case we calculate the phase diagram as a function of the interaction strength and rotation frequency and identify the order of quantum phase transitions between the states with a different number of vortex rows.