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Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International

Quantum computations and non-classical Markov processes

В. Ю. Игнатьев, Мороз Ирина Игоревна, N. N. Popov, Владимир Иванович Цурков

Published Mar 1, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Random quantum processes with a countable set of elementary orthogonal events that govern the operation of a quantum computer are discussed. For the case of pure states, expressions for a posteriori quantum probabilities are derived. For stationary and nonstationary random quantum processes with the countable set of states, properties of transition quantum probabilities are investigated. A method for finding a posteriori quantum probabilities is proposed. An analog of the Kolmogorov equation for random quantum processes is presented.

DOI
10.1134/s1064230715020069

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Random quantum processes with a countable set of elementary orthogonal events that govern the operation of a quantum computer are discussed. For the case of pure states, expressions for a posteriori quantum probabilities are derived. For stationary and nonstationary random quantum processes with the countable set of states, properties of transition quantum probabilities are investigated. A method for finding a posteriori quantum probabilities is proposed. An analog of the Kolmogorov equation for random quantum processes is presented.
Principal concepts of quantum probability theory are considered. Some properties of a priori and a posteriori quantum probabilities are studied. Concepts of regular and nondestructive measurement procedures are analyzed. Effects associated with compatibility and lack of correlation of quantum procedures are studied. Markov sequences of quantum procedures for quantum systems with finite or countable number of states is defined. The computation process on the n -qubit quantum computer is showed to represent operations that obey laws of quantum probability theory.
As mentioned previously, a classical Markov semigroup of transition operators { T t , t ≥ 0} can be generated from a classical Markov process { X t , t ≥ 0}. On the other hand, given a Markov semigroup, a Markov process { X t , t ≥ 0} can be constructed based on the Markov semigroup { T t , t ≥ 0} using the Kolmogorov consistency theorem. In the context of quantum probability space ( A , ρ ), a Markov dilation (i.e., construction of a quantum Markov process from a given quantum Markov semigroup of operators { I t , t ≥ 0}) turns out to be a nontrivial matter. This is partly due to the fact that, although the general concept of conditional expectation of an observable given a sub-von Neumann algebras B ⊂ A can be defined and required properties can be described, an explicit construction of such a conditional expectation is still unavailable in general. The main objective of this chapter is to introduce relevant concepts and to develop some properties of quantum Markov processes in the content of quantum probability explored in previous chapters. There are 2 major components in this chapter: (i) introduction of concepts and derivation of properties of a quantum Markov processes based on some assumed and/or derived properties of conditional expectation E ρ [· | A t ] ] given a filtration of sub-von Neumann algebras { A t ] , t ≥ 0} of A , and (ii) Markov dilation or construction of a weak quantum Markov flow (WQMF) from a given quantum Markov semigroup { I t , t ≥ 0} using the weak conditional expectation E [· | F t ], where { F t , t ≥ 0} is a filtration of orthogonal projection operators defined on the complex Hilbert space ℍ. The main objective of the first component is to introduce the relevant concept and develop some properties of quantum Markov processes in the content of quantum probability explored in previous chapters. Although the theory of (classical) Markov processes is well known in the probability community (see, for example, Dynkin [Dyn62], Ethier and Kurtz [EK85]), we outline some basic concept and results from the classical theory of homogeneous Markov processes below for comparison purpose.
We discuss the conceptually different definitions used for the non-Markovianity of classical and quantum processes. The well-established definition for non-Markovianity of a classical stochastic process represents a condition on the Kolmogorov hierarchy of the n-point joint probability distributions. Since this definition cannot be transferred to the quantum regime, quantum non-Markovianity has recently been defined and quantified in terms of the underlying quantum dynamical map, using either its divisibility properties or the behavior of the trace distance between pairs of initial states. Here, we investigate and compare these definitions and their relations to the classical notion of non-Markovianity by employing a large class of non-Markovian processes, known as semi-Markov processes, which admit a natural extension to the quantum case. A number of specific physical examples is constructed which allow to study the basic features of the classical and the quantum definitions and to evaluate explicitly the measures for quantum non-Markovianity. Our results clearly demonstrate several fundamental distinctions between the classical and the quantum notion of non-Markovianity, as well as between the various quantum measures for non-Markovianity.
An extension of the conditional expectations (those under a given subalgebra of events and not the simple ones under a single event) from the classical to the quantum case is presented. In the classical case, the conditional expectations always exist; in the quantum case, however, they exist only if a certain weak compatibility criterion is satisfied. This compatibility criterion was introduced among others in a recent paper by the author. Then, state-independent conditional expectations and quantum Markov processes are studied. A classical Markov process is a probability measure, together with a system of random variables, satisfying the Markov property and can equivalently be described by a system of Markovian kernels (often forming a semigroup). This equivalence is partly extended to quantum probabilities. It is shown that a dynamical (semi)group can be derived from a given system of quantum observables satisfying the Markov property, and the group generators are studied. The results are presented in the framework of Jordan operator algebras, and a very general type of observables (including the usual real-valued observables or self-adjoint operators) is considered.
Abstract The evolution of the system is described as a stochastic process in the space of random joint events, in which both a symmetric difference and a symmetric sum of events are introduced. The probability of a system transition between states is represented by a series of double, triple, etc., integrals of real functionals of joint event trajectories. The expression coincides with the transition probability in quantum theory if only pairwise joint random trajectories are taken into account in the model.
Abstract The convergence in probability of a sequence of iterations of independent random quantum dynamical semigroups to a Markov process describing the evolution of an open quantum system is studied. The statistical properties of the dynamics of open quantum systems with random generators of Markovian evolution are described in terms of the law of large numbers for operator-valued random processes. For compositions of independent random semigroups of completely positive operators, the convergence of mean values to a semigroup described by the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad equation is established. Moreover, a sequence of random operator-valued functions with values in the set of operators without the infinite divisibility property is shown to converge in probability to an operator-valued function with values in the set of infinitely divisible operators.