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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Broadcast of classical information through a quantum channel

ARMEN E. ALLAHVERDYAN, David B. Saakian

Published Jun 15, 2000• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We consider transmission of classical information through a quantum channel from one sender to several receivers. In contrast to quantum information, classical information carried by two non-orthogonal states of a quantum system can be cloned exactly. This restricts a naive extrapolation of the standard no-cloning theorem. The optimal cloning induces entanglement between clones which increases with non-orthogonality of the states. The capacity of the corresponding quantum channel is considered. As a byproduct of our results, we obtain that for an entangled system with an unknown state there is no transformation which removes the entanglement totally without affecting the corresponding marginal density matrices.

DOI
10.1209/epl/i2000-00541-0

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We consider transmission of classical information through a quantum channel from one sender to several receivers. In contrast to quantum information, classical information carried by two non-orthogonal states of a quantum system can be cloned exactly. This restricts a naive extrapolation of the standard no-cloning theorem. The optimal cloning induces entanglement between clones which increases with non-orthogonality of the states. The capacity of the corresponding quantum channel is considered. As a byproduct of our results, we obtain that for an entangled system with an unknown state there is no transformation which removes the entanglement totally without affecting the corresponding marginal density matrices.
It is well known that quantum theory forbids the exact copying of an unknown quantum state. Therefore in broadcasting of classical information by a quantum channel an additional contribution to the error in the decoding is expected. We consider the optimal copying transformation which is adapted to classical information transmission by two linearly independent quantum states, and show that there is no additional contribution to the error. Instead the clones are correlated, and this breaks their usefulness: The entanglement increases with non-orthogonality of the states. The capacity of the corresponding quantum channel is considered also.
In Shannon information theory, the capacity of a memoryless communication channel cannot be increased by the use of feedback. In quantum information theory, the no-cloning theorem means that noiseless copying and feedback of quantum information cannot be achieved. In this correspondence, quantum feedback is defined as the unlimited use of a noiseless quantum channel from receiver to sender. Given such quantum feedback, it is shown to provide no increase in the entanglement-assisted capacities of a memoryless quantum channel, in direct analogy to the classical case. It is also shown that in various cases of nonassisted capacities, feedback may increase the capacity of memoryless quantum channels.
In Shannon information theory the capacity of a memoryless communication channel cannot be increased by the use of feedback from receiver to sender. In this paper the use of classical feedback is shown to provide no increase in the unassisted classical capacity of a memoryless quantum channel when feedback is used across non-entangled input states, or when the channel is an entanglement--breaking channel. This gives a generalization of the Shannon theory for certain classes of feedback protocols when transmitting through noisy quantum communication channels.
In classical information theory one can, in principle, produce a perfect copy of any input state. In quantum information theory, the no cloning theorem prohibits exact copying of non-orthogonal states. Moreover, if we wish to copy multiparticle entangled states and can perform only local operations and classical communication (LOCC), then further restrictions apply. We investigate the problem of copying orthogonal, entangled quantum states with an entangled blank state under the restriction to LOCC. Throughout, the subsystems have finite dimension D . We show that if all of the states to be copied are non-maximally entangled, then novel LOCC copying procedures based on entanglement catalysis are possible. We then study in detail the LOCC copying problem where both the blank state and at least one of the states to be copied are maximally entangled. For this to be possible, we find that all the states to be copied must be maximally entangled. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for LOCC copying under these conditions. For two orthogonal, maximally entangled states, we provide the general solution to this condition. We use it to show that for D = 2, 3, any pair of orthogonal, maximally entangled states can be locally copied using a maximally entangled blank state. However, we also show that for any D which is not prime, one can construct pairs of such states for which this is impossible.
We consider quantum channels with one sender and two receivers, used in several different ways for the simultaneous transmission of independent messages. We begin by extending the technique of superposition coding to quantum channels with a classical input to give a general achievable region. We also give outer bounds to the capacity regions for various special cases from the classical literature and prove that superposition coding is optimal for a class of channels. We then consider extensions of superposition coding for channels with a quantum input, where some of the messages transmitted are quantum instead of classical, in the sense that the parties establish bipartite or tripartite GHZ entanglement. We conclude by using state merging to give achievable rates for establishing bipartite entanglement between different pair of parties with the assistance of free classical communication.