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Optics and Spectroscopy

Hamiltonian of photons in a single-mode optical fiber for quantum communications protocols

George P. Miroshnichenko

Published May 1, 2012• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A phenomenological Hamiltonian of photons in a single-mode stochastic inhomogeneous optical fiber (OF) is derived. Quantization of radiation is performed in the basis of an ideal OF with proper calibration that ensures transversality of the electric-field-displacement vector. Stochastic parameters of the Hamiltonian are determined by using the reciprocal tensor of the dielectric permittivity averaged over the OF segment volume. The Hamiltonian is parametrized by three phenomenological parameters and preserves the number of photons. It is assumed that the segment of the OF is divided into random subsegments with optical parameters defined by the Wiener process with respect to the longitudinal coordinate. The temporal dynamics of the single-photon density matrix is analyzed in the basis of states with orthogonal polarizations. The relative quantum beat error rate in the sifted quantum key distributed according to the BB84 protocol with polarization coding of information averaged over the scatter of the OF parameters is calculated.

DOI
10.1134/s0030400x12050116

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A phenomenological Hamiltonian of photons in a single-mode stochastic inhomogeneous optical fiber (OF) is derived. Quantization of radiation is performed in the basis of an ideal OF with proper calibration that ensures transversality of the electric-field-displacement vector. Stochastic parameters of the Hamiltonian are determined by using the reciprocal tensor of the dielectric permittivity averaged over the OF segment volume. The Hamiltonian is parametrized by three phenomenological parameters and preserves the number of photons. It is assumed that the segment of the OF is divided into random subsegments with optical parameters defined by the Wiener process with respect to the longitudinal coordinate. The temporal dynamics of the single-photon density matrix is analyzed in the basis of states with orthogonal polarizations. The relative quantum beat error rate in the sifted quantum key distributed according to the BB84 protocol with polarization coding of information averaged over the scatter of the OF parameters is calculated.
A phenomenological Hamiltonian of photons in single-mode stochastic fiber depending on the vector of random parameters is proposed. The time dynamics of single-photon density matrix in the basis of states with orthogonal polarizations is considered. The fiber-parameter-averaged quantum bit error rate (QBER) in a sifted quantum key distributed over the BB84 protocol using entangled polarization states of biphotons is found. It is shown that QBER can be significantly reduced even at large dispersions of random fiber parameters. To this end, identically fabricated fibers must be used for quantum channels A and B. The choice of pairs of fiber segments must be correlated, with a correlation coefficient close to unity. This approach is based on a remarkable property of the singlet biphoton state, which is “free of collective decoherence.” A correlated choice of fiber segments for channels A and B reduces significantly QBER, making its value below critical (i.e., equal to 0.11, a level below which a distributed key is accepted for cryptographic purposes).
The phenomenological parameters of the Hamiltonian for the photons produced in earlier studies [4] are associated with the parameters of the deformed optical fiber (OF).This Hamiltonian is necessary for the correct description of the propagation of photons through the quantum channel in a quantum communication protocols.Models of a compressing strain of the OF profile and a twisting deformation are considered.As a consequence, the phenomenological parameters of the Hamiltonian expressed in terms of such strains characteristics, as a relative compression of the profile, OF radius, the orientation angle of the deformed profile, rotation angle per unit length, elasto-optical tensor, and refraction coefficient.
In this work we consider the Liouville equation; it describes the dynamics of the photon density matrix in the Schr\"odinger representation based on the Markov approximation in the channel without dispersion. The equation contains a relaxation superoperator dependent on the phenomenological parameters of the optical fiber. These parameters allow one to take into account the phenomena of birefringence and optical activity, isotropic absorption, and dichroism. We also present in our work that these parameters affect not only the polarization of the states but the length of the Stokes vector. Hence the developed technique describes the decoherence process in the polarization domain in the quantum case and allows one to analyze the dynamics of single-photon states in the quantum (depolarizing) channel more properly. We also present a visual illustration of polarization states' evolution in the polarization-coded quantum key distribution BB84 protocol as an example. We estimate quantum bit error rates' dependence on channel length. Also we examine maximal allowed channel length, dependent on various configurations of channel parameters.
We investigate the polarization state dynamics of single photon pulse for optical fiber quantum communication channels. On the basis of a birefringence vector model in which amplitude and direction are both stochastic variables, Jones vector is obtained by solving the frequency domain wave equation. The fidelity of output quantum state and degree of polarization of the pulse are also obtained from the density operators. It is shown that the fidelity of quantum state decreases quickly and tends to a stable value along optical fiber, and increases for larger mean fluctuation magnitude of the stochastic fiber birefringence. Degree of polarization is nearly constant for small mean fluctuation magnitude of the birefringence. The fidelity and degree of polarization vary in the same way for Gaussian and rectangular frequency spectrum envelope, while the value of Lorentzian spectrum is smaller.