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Physical Review Letters

Adiabatic Cooling of Cesium to 700 nK in an Optical Lattice

Anders Kastberg, William D. Phillips, S. L. Rolston, R. J. C. Spreeuw, Poul Jessen

Published Feb 27, 1995• 260 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We localize Cs atoms in wavelength-sized potential wells of an optical lattice, and cool them to a three-dimensional temperature of 700 nK by adiabatic expansion. In the optical lattice we precool the atoms to $\ensuremath{\approx}1\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$. We then reduce the trapping potential in a few hundred $\ensuremath{\mu}$s, causing the atomic center-of-mass distribution to expand and the temperature to decrease by an amount which agrees with a simple 3D band theory. These are the lowest 3D kinetic temperatures ever measured.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.74.1542

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Europhysics Letters (EPL)•May 20, 1997•5 citations
We localize Cs atoms in wavelength-sized potential wells of an optical lattice, and cool them to a three-dimensional temperature of 700 nK by adiabatic expansion. In the optical lattice we precool the atoms to \ensuremath≈1\ensuremathμK\ensuremath{\approx}1\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}\ensuremath≈1\ensuremathμK. We then reduce the trapping potential in a few hundred \ensuremathμ\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremathμs, causing the atomic center-of-mass distribution to expand and the temperature to decrease by an amount which agrees with a simple 3D band theory. These are the lowest 3D kinetic temperatures ever measured.
We report temperature measurements of atoms trapped in a three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice, a well-defined laser-cooling situation that can be treated with currently available theoretical tools. We also obtain fluorescence spectra from a 3D optical lattice, from which we obtain quantitative information about the trapping atoms, including the oscillation frequencies, spatial localization, and a temperature, which is in good agreement with our direct measurements. For comparison we study a 1D lattice using the same atom (cesium).
We launch Cs atoms using a moving three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice. Atoms are initially spin polarized and cooled to the ground state of the optical potential using 3D Raman sideband cooling and then accelerated in the lattice to velocities of up to 3m/s.3 \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}.3m/s. Subsequent adiabatic lowering of the potential releases the atoms from the lattice. Three-dimensional kinetic temperatures as low as 200nK200 \mathrm{nK}200nK were achieved. The observed temperature of the launch is independent of the acceleration and final velocity of the atoms. In an alternative approach, we first accelerate the atoms to velocities of up to 5 m/s using moving molasses and then cool them with the lattice in the comoving frame of the atoms to temperatures as low as 150 nK.
Laser cooling of atoms is the basis of researches on ultracold atoms and molecules. It is of great importance in the study of precision measurement and quantum simulation, etc. In order to obtain ultracold cesium atomic sample with a lower temperature and a higher density, as the starting point to create ultracold cesium ground state molecules, we demonstrate in this article a method which effectively overcomes the heating from the reabsorption of scattered light in magneto-optical trap to further reduce the ultracold atomic temperature by loading atoms into a 3D optical lattices. Based on obtaining the ultracold Cs atoms in a standard magneto-optical trap, we use the compressed magneto-optical trap technology to increase ultracold Cs atomic density. Efficient loading of ultracold Cs atoms is achieved by 3D optical lattices which constructed by four lasers; the temperature of the atoms is measured by time-of-flight method. We observed the cooling result that the temperature drops from ~60.0 μK to ~11.6 μK. We also explore the dependence of the atom numbers in the lattice on the frequency of lattice lasers, and lead to the conclusion that the loading rate of the optical lattices reaches its maximum when the lattices laser’s detuning is –15.5 GHz. In the meantime, this paper investigates the use of optical lattice to suppress the heating of the ultracold atoms due to the radiation photons, in this sense, our research has far-reaching significance. Our scheme is advantageous due to its relaxed starting temperature requirement, meaning that 3D DRSC can be directly accomplished in a standard single cell vapour-loaded MOT without reliance on any additional devices such as a Zeeman slower.
In a one-dimensional polarization-gradient cooling scheme, with two counter-propagating laser beams having mutually orthogonal linear polarization, a linear array of potential wells for cold atoms are formed. These optical potential wells are created by the spatially varying light shift of the atomic ground state. Transitions between quantized vibrational states in such wells have been observed by stimulated1 and spontaneous2 Raman spectroscopy. Recently, this was extended to three dimensions using both four beams3 and six beams.4 In this work, we intersect four travelling-wave laser beams, all polarized in the same plane, as indicated in Fig. 1. This produces a threedimensional body-centered cubic lattice of potential wells for cesium atoms. The laser wavelength is tuned 25 linewidths below the 62S1/2(F = 4) → 62P3/2(F = 5) transition at 852 nm; and the resultant lattice constants (distances between wells of the same character) are λ / 2 perpendicular to the plane of polarization, and λ × 2 in the plane of polarization.
We present an experimental investigation of a three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice where the light polarization is linear at the bottom of the potential wells instead of being circular as in previous studies. In the present situation, optical pumping induces frequent transitions between differently light-shifted Zeeman sublevels (jumping regime). However, narrow vibrational lines are still observed as a result from a motional narrowing-like phenomenon taking place in this lattice. The atomic kinetic temperature is investigated and shown to be lower than in a standard 3D lin ⊥ lin optical lattice.