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Journal of Luminescence

Fabrication of single optical centres in diamond—a review

Julius O. Orwa, Andrew D. Greentree, Igor Aharonovich, Andrew Alves, Jessica van Donkelaar, Alastair D. Stacey, Steven Prawer

Published Dec 30, 2009• 79 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.jlumin.2009.12.028

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Abstract The nitrogen vacancy and some nickel related defects in diamond can be observed as single quantum systems in diamond by their fluorescence. The fabrication of single colour centres occurs via generation of vacancies or via controlled nitrogen implantation in the case of the nitrogen vacancy (NV) centre. The NV centre shows an electron paramagnetic ground and optically excited state. As a result electron and nuclear magnetic resonance can be carried out on single defects. Due to the localized nature of the electron spin wavefunction hyperfine coupling to nuclei more than one lattice constant away from the defect as dominated by dipolar interaction. As a consequence the coupling to close nuclei leads to a splitting in the spectrum which allows for optically detected electron nuclear double resonance. The contribution discusses the physics of the NV and other defect centre from the perspective of single defect centre spectroscopy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
We demonstrate the multi-focal fabrication of single N V − centres at different depths in a bulk diamond. After performing an annealing process, the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signal is measured to confirm the generation of N V − centres. These emitters are photo-stable and are imaged by using three different excitations wavelengths at different depths close to the bulk diamond surface. Using two-photon microscopy, the N V − centres are imaged with a resolution down to 0.36 µm to study the effect of the exposure time of the multi-focal laser writing on the spatial resolution of each fabrication. The Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) test is performed with two-photon excitation to study the number of N V − centres at the location of each multi-focal fabrication. We demonstrate the formation of single N V − centres placed between 100 nm and 3 µm below the diamond surface. The ability to control the placement of single N V − centres with depth is of paramount importance for applications in quantum information, single spin magnetometry, and optical data storage.
The aim of this proposal is to demonstrate the key elements needed to construct a logical qubit in diamond by exploiting the remarkable quantum properties of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) optical centre. Specifically, the focus of the work was to address the materials and fabrication issues. We have demonstrated (i) that individual NV qubits can be fabricated by ion implantation with long coherence times (>350 microseconds at room temperature), (ii) electrical control of the optical output of each individual centre is achievable via the Stark shift, (iii) coherent population trapping of ensembles and single NV centres allowing for all-optical control of qubit operations and (iv) that waveguides, cavities and photonic band-gap structures can be fabricated in single crystal diamond. We have thus demonstrated a nanofabrication tool-kit for diamond which is sufficiently robust and mature to justify future investment in the design and implementation of a scalable quantum computing architecture for diamond.