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Physical Review A

Geometric measure of quantum discord

Shunlong Luo, Shuangshuang Fu

Published Sep 13, 2010• 475 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Dakic, Vedral, and Brukner [arXiv:1004.0190 (2010)] introduced a geometric measure of quantum discord and derived an explicit formula for any two-qubit state. This measure is significant in capturing quantum correlations from a geometric perspective. In this brief report, we evaluate the geometric measure of quantum discord for an arbitrary state and obtain an explicit and tight lower bound. Furthermore, we reveal an intrinsic feature of geometric measure of quantum discord by showing that it actually coincides with a simpler quantity based on von Neumann measurements.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.82.034302

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Dakic, Vedral, and Brukner [B. Dakic, V. Vedral, and \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}. Brukner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 190502 (2010)] gave a geometric measure of quantum discord in a bipartite quantum state as the distance of the state from the closest classical quantum (or zero discord) state and derived an explicit formula for a two-qubit state. Further, Luo and Fu [S. Luo and S. Fu, Phys. Rev. A 82, 034302 (2010)] obtained a generic form of this geometric measure for a general bipartite state and established a lower bound. In this Brief Report we obtain a rigorous lower bound to the geometric measure of quantum discord in a general bipartite state which dominates that obtained by Luo and Fu.
Dakic, Vedral and Brukner [Physical Review Letters \tf{105},190502 (2010)] gave a geometric measure of quantum discord in a bipartite quantum state as the distance of the state from the closest classical quantum (or zero discord) state and derived an explicit formula for a two qubit state. Further, S.Luo and S.Fu [Physical Review A \tf{82}, 034302 (2010)] obtained a generic form of this geometric measure for a general bipartite state and established a lower bound. In this brief report we obtain a rigorous lower bound to the geometric measure of quantum discord in a general bipartite state which dominates that obtained by S.Luo and S.Fu.
The original definition of quantum discord of bipartite states was defined under one-side projective measurements, it describes quantum correlation more extensively than entanglement. Dakic, Vedral, and Brukner [Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{105}, 190502 (2010)] introduced a geometric measure of quantum discord, and Luo, Fu [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{82}, 034302 (2010)] simplified the expression of it. In this paper we generalize the quantum discord to the case of two-side projective measurements, and also define a geometric measure on it. Further, a simplified expression and a lower bound of this geometric measure are derived and explicit expressions are obtained for some special cases.
Quantum discord, as introduced by Ollivier and Zurek (2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 017901), is a measure of the discrepancy between quantum versions of two classically equivalent expressions for mutual information and is found to be useful in quantification and application of quantum correlations in mixed states. It is viewed as a key resource present in certain quantum communication tasks and quantum computational models without containing much entanglement. An early step toward the quantification of quantum discord in a quantum state was by Dakic et al (2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 190502) who introduced a geometric measure of quantum discord and derived an explicit formula for any two-qubit state. Recently, Luo and Fu (2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 034302) introduced a generic form of the geometric measure of quantum discord for a bipartite quantum state. We extend these results and find generic forms of the geometric measure of quantum discord and total quantum correlations in a general N -partite quantum state. Further, we obtain computable exact formulas for the geometric measure of quantum discord and total quantum correlations in an N -qubit quantum state. The exact formulas for the N -qubit quantum state can be used to get experimental estimates of the quantum discord and the total quantum correlation.
We discuss some properties of the quantum discord based on the geometric distance advanced by Dakic, Vedral, and Brukner [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 105}, 190502 (2010)], with emphasis on Werner- and MEM-states. We ascertain just how good the measure is in representing quantum discord. We explore the dependence of quantum discord on the degree of mixedness of the bipartite states, and also its connection with non-locality as measured by the maximum violation of a Bell inequality within the CHSH scenario.