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International Journal of Modern Physics A

ON TIME DEFINITION AND THE SCHRÖDINGER'S CAT PARADOX

C. Syros, C. Schulz-Mirbach

Published Nov 20, 1998• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The conventional tacit assumption according to which quantum processes take place in the Newtonian time topology is abandoned. The chronotopological space is based on the interaction proper time neighborhood. It is disconnected, satisfies the separation axioms of the topological space [Formula: see text], and is developed and used to solve some problems related to quantum field theory. In chronotopology the time evolution operator, [Formula: see text], breaks down into the alternative [Formula: see text] = either [Formula: see text]. The unitary, U, and the reduction, R, dynamics are implemented by means of two time evolution operators, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], derived from a quantized version of Gel'fand's theory of the generalized random and infinitely divisible fields. As an application the solution of the paradox of Schrödinger's cat is presented.

DOI
10.1142/s0217751x98002316

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The conventional tacit assumption according to which quantum processes take place in the Newtonian time topology is abandoned. The chronotopological space is based on the interaction proper time neighborhood. It is disconnected, satisfies the separation axioms of the topological space [Formula: see text], and is developed and used to solve some problems related to quantum field theory. In chronotopology the time evolution operator, [Formula: see text], breaks down into the alternative [Formula: see text] = either [Formula: see text]. The unitary, U, and the reduction, R, dynamics are implemented by means of two time evolution operators, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], derived from a quantized version of Gel'fand's theory of the generalized random and infinitely divisible fields. As an application the solution of the paradox of Schrödinger's cat is presented.
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A quantum time topological space is developed and applied to solve some problems about quantum theory. It is disconnected and satifies specific separation axioms. The degree of disconnectedness of the time-space is a decreasing function of the number of simultaneous or almost simultaneous fundamental interactions. In this topology the U+R Penrose dynamics is implemented by means of a time evolution operator in QFT. This operator is unitary or non-unitary, depending on the type of quantization of the field action-integral. The time evolution operator allows to find the Boltzmann factor in QFT in the above space-time. From an elementary solution of the Liouville equation the quantization of the time follows and the Planck constant has been calculated. Compatibility between time-reversal and irreversibility is spontaneously obtained. The renormalization of the field action-integral follows from quantization. The solution of the measurement problem and the wave function reduction have been deduced in the framework of the Schroedinger theory. The Schroedinger cat's paradoxon and the paradoxon of the wave packet decay have been resolved.
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The conventional tacit assumption that nuclear and sub-nuclear reactions take place in the Newtonian universal time is replaced in the present paper by a time topological space based on the interaction proper time neighbourhood. It is developed and used to solve a problem related to the nuclear reaction theory, the quantum measurement problem. The time topology is disconnected and satisfies the separation axioms of the topological space 3 , . In this topology the V+R Penrose dynamics is implemented by means of a time evolution operator,"?/ .constructed using a quantized version of CSel'fand's theory - the generalized random quantum field theory (QRQFT). As an application the quantum measurement problem solution is presented.
We discuss V.P. Belavkin's approach to the Schrödinger cat problem and show its close relation to ideas based on superselection and interaction with the environment developed by N.P. Landsman. The purpose of the paper is to explain these ideas in the most simple possible context, namely: discrete time and separable Hilbert spaces, in order to make them accessible to those coming from the philosophy of science and not too happy with idiosyncratic notation and terminology and sophisticated mathematical tools. Conventional elementary mathematical descriptions of quantum mechanics take "measurement" to be a primitive concept. Paradoxes arise when we choose to consider smaller or larger systems as measurement devices in their own right, by making different and apparently arbitrary choices of location of the "Heisenberg cut". Various quantum interpretations have different resolutions of the paradox. In Belavkin's approach, the classical world around us does really exist, and it evolves stochastically and dynamically in time according to probability laws following from successive applications of the Born law. It is a collapse theory. The quantum/classical distinction is determined by the arrow of time. The underlying unitary evolution of the wave-function of the universe enables the designation of a collection of beables which grows as time evolves, and which therefore can be assigned random, classical trajectories. In a slogan: the past is particles, the future is a wave. We, living in the now, are located on the cutting edge between past and future.
The problem of time in the quantization of gravity arises from the fact that time in Schrödinger’s equation is a parameter. This sets time apart from the spatial coordinates, represented by operators in quantum mechanics (QM). Thus “time” in QM and “time” in general relativity (GR) are seen as mutually incompatible notions. The introduction of a dynamical time operator in relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM), that follows from the canonical quantization of special relativity and that in the Heisenberg picture is also a function of the parameter [Formula: see text] (identified as the laboratory time), prompts to examine whether it can help to solve the disfunction referred to above. In particular, its application to the conditional interpretation of time in the canonical quantization approach to quantum gravity is developed.