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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Resonant optogalvanic effects in optical double resonance modulation spectroscopy

S.P. Tewari, M Kirshna Kumari

Published Apr 14, 1989• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The authors have analysed the optical double resonance signal to second order in the modulation of the amplitudes of the two lasers at high intensities. Resonant modulation in the populations of the upper level of the transitions are induced at the effective Rabi frequency alpha 0 , whenever the modulation frequencies themselves or a combination of them becomes equal to O, +or- alpha 0 , +or-2 alpha 0 . It is proposed that by performing experiments similar to those done by Miyazaki et al such Rabi resonances in the populations of the levels may be detected by optogalvanic technique-i.e., by monitoring the oscillations in the current or the voltage at the sum or the difference of the modulation frequencies of the two lasers.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/22/7/018

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The authors have analysed the optical double resonance signal to second order in the modulation of the amplitudes of the two lasers at high intensities. Resonant modulation in the populations of the upper level of the transitions are induced at the effective Rabi frequency alpha 0 , whenever the modulation frequencies themselves or a combination of them becomes equal to O, +or- alpha 0 , +or-2 alpha 0 . It is proposed that by performing experiments similar to those done by Miyazaki et al such Rabi resonances in the populations of the levels may be detected by optogalvanic technique-i.e., by monitoring the oscillations in the current or the voltage at the sum or the difference of the modulation frequencies of the two lasers.
For pt.I see ibid., vol.12, no.12, p.1939 (1979). The modulated fluorescence in an optical double resonance experiment, i.e. when an atom interacts with two intense monochromatic laser beams each of which is weakly modulated in amplitude at frequency Omega , is studied in detail. The modulation rate corresponding to the steady-state population of the highest atomic level exhibits resonant structures at the modulation frequencies Omega =0, +or- alpha 0 , +or-2 alpha 0 due to the dynamical Stark splitting of the various energy levels; alpha 0 being related to the Rabi frequencies alpha 1 and alpha 2 associated with the two lasers and the two atomic transitions, by alpha 0 2 = mod alpha 1 mod 2 + mod alpha 2 mod 2 . The peak at Omega =+or- alpha 0 is the most intense and exhibits splitting when the applied fields are detuned from exact resonance with the respective atomic frequencies. Resonances are observed in the modulation rate of the intermediate-level population at the modulation frequencies Omega =0, +or-2 alpha 0 . In the presence of detunings of the applied fields, additional resonant structures occur at Omega =+or- alpha 0 which increase in magnitude with higher detunings and split. Explicit expressions for the positions, widths and weights of these resonant components are obtained analytically for intense, resonant fields. Numerical results for general values of the laser field strengths and the detunings are given.
Reports the optogalvanic detection of observables induced by optical pumping in metastable states of neon. As with optical methods signals are obtained which are related to electronic and nuclear orientation or alignment. Many optical pumping experiments may thus be performed using optogalvanic techniques, including the Hanle effect and 'velocity selective optical pumping' described. Different mechanisms are discussed from which optogalvanic signals related to non-scalar observables may originate. Profiles obtained from frequency sweeps of two polarisation-modulated counterpropagating pump beams indicate the dominant mechanism is a second-order pumping effect which induces a modulated depletion of the metastable state. No effect has been observed arising from a variation of the Penning collision cross section when the two metastable colliding atoms are oriented. The analogy between signals produced by optogalvanic and optical methods are pointed out.
The theory of double-resonance phenomena, or the simultaneous action of optical transitions and rf perturbations between the Zeeman sublevels of an atom, is extended to the induced emission and absorption processes effected by the monochromatic radiation and the discrete resonances involved in the gas laser. Expressions for the probability amplitudes of the Zeeman sublevels under such conditions are derived from time-dependent perturbation theory, the lifetimes of the states being introduced in a phenomenological way. Zeeman splittings of both upper and lower states involved in the laser transition are considered, and an effective term diagram used to discuss the results. Small signal approximations are applied to consider some specific cases, which show that the light beats seen in spontaneous emission when the rf frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ equals the Larmor frequency, and in other instances, do not occur in induced emission unless such frequencies coincide with axial resonances of the laser cavity. Variations in the intensity and resonance effects are indicated at Zeeman splittings corresponding to ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, with similar variations in the amplitude of any beat frequencies due to multiple axial resonances. Additional coherence effects occur where levels cross, which will give rise to changes in the intensity and polarization of the induced emission at the corresponding frequency.
We have used an optogalvanic method to detect observables induced by optical pumping in metastable states of neon. As with optical methods signals are obtained due to electronic and nuclear orientation or alignment. Different mechanisms are discussed from which optogalvanic signals related to non-scalar observables may originate. Profiles obtained from frequency sweeps of two polarisation-modulated counterpropagating pump beams indicate the dominant mechanism is a second-order pumping effect which induces a modulated depletion of the metastable state.
We have investigated the interaction between bichromatic optical fields and atomic transitions. We have considered both the interaction of a saturating bichromatic field in the form of a 100% amplitude-modulated field resonantly interacting with a single atomic transition as well as the interaction of a pair of 100% amplitude-modulated fields with two coupled atomic transitions. In our studies of a single atomic transition resonantly excited by a 100% amplitude-modulated field we have used a fully quantum-electrodynamical analysis to model the Autler-Townes effect induced by a bichromatic optical field. We find that the effect induced by a bichromatic field is markedly different from the effect produced by a monochromatic exciting field. We have derived analytic expressions for the bichromatic Autler-Townes absorption spectrum. The absorption spectrum consists of equally spaced lines spaced by the modulation frequency. The linewidths of neighboring lines alternate as functions of the field strength. Experimentally, we observed this spectrum for both resonant and detuned 100% amplitude-modulated driving fields by monitoring the absorption of a weak monochromatic field as it was tuned about the resonance frequency of the 3²P₃/₂(F = 3, mF = 3) ↔ 4²D₅/₂(F = 4, mF = 4) transition while driving the 3²S₁/₂(F = 2, mF = 2) ↔ 3²P₃/₂(F = 3, mF = 3) transition with a saturating 100% amplitude-modulated field. We found excellent agreement between our predicted and measured spectra. We then investigated the resonant interaction between a pair of 100% amplitude-modulated fields and two atomic transitions sharing a common atomic level. We considered both a three-level atomic cascade system and a three-level atomic lambda system. We examined the effect that the relative phase between the two modulations has on the rate at which the modulated fields are absorbed. We find that the saturated time-averaged field absorption exhibits parametric resonances in both the cascade and lambda systems. The time-averaged absorption is strongly dependent upon the relative phase of modulation between the two fields and for certain phase differences the time-averaged absorption can be enhanced over the maximum saturated absorption experienced by cw fields of the same time-averaged intensities. We also find that the stationary atomic response exhibits periodic oscillations and for the cascade system periodic two-photon inversions of up to 40% can be achieved. We further find dark absorption resonances as a function of phase in the lambda system. We analyze the results from the point of view of semi-classical adiabatic dressed states.
We report the observation of the first six subharmonic resonances of the Rabi frequency in the absorption of a 100% amplitude-modulated laser beam by a two-level atom. The amplitude-modulated field is formed by combining two separate cw lasers; one is held fixed in frequency, and the other, of equal amplitude, is scanned in frequency. We present data and theory for several values of the detuning between the fixed field and the atomic resonance. The experimental results are in good agreement with theory.