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Superconductor Science and Technology

Multiturn flux transformers for rf SQUID magnetometers

H R Yi, Jürgen Schubert, W. Zander, Xian-Lin Zeng, M. Banzet, Dongfeng He, Y Zhang

Published Jul 1, 1998• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This work showed experimentally how the planar multiturn input coil of a flux transformer could be integrated with a coplanar resonator while still permitting one to couple radio frequency (rf) signals to an rf SQUID. A new layout of a multiturn flux transformer with one pickup loop and two input coils, one single turn and one multiturn, has been fabricated on (001) substrates and evaluated. A planar double-hole washer SQUID was inductively coupled to the two separate input coils via a flip chip configuration. With this layout the best magnetometer showed magnetic field white noise of at 77 K in a magnetically shielded surrounding.

DOI
10.1088/0953-2048/11/7/013

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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics•May 1, 2004•3 citations
This work showed experimentally how the planar multiturn input coil of a flux transformer could be integrated with a coplanar resonator while still permitting one to couple radio frequency (rf) signals to an rf SQUID. A new layout of a multiturn flux transformer with one pickup loop and two input coils, one single turn and one multiturn, has been fabricated on (001) substrates and evaluated. A planar double-hole washer SQUID was inductively coupled to the two separate input coils via a flip chip configuration. With this layout the best magnetometer showed magnetic field white noise of at 77 K in a magnetically shielded surrounding.
We propose a design for planar multi-turn flux transformer for radio frequency (rf) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers. This transformer is integrated with a coplanar resonator, e.g., on a 1 cm2 LaAlO3 substrate. Its pickup loop is connected with two input coils, separate for dc (low-frequency) and rf currents. A double-hole washer SQUID is coupled to these coils in a flip-chip configuration to form a magnetometer. The separation of rf and dc current paths in the transformer made it possible to demonstrate the rf SQUID magnetometer operation.
This article describes three planar layouts of superconducting multiturn flux transformers integrated with a coplanar resonator for radio frequency (rf) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers. The best magnetic field noise values of 22 and 11.5 fT/Hz1/2 in the white noise regime were obtained for the layout with two input coils and the layout with the labyrinth resonator, respectively. Excess low-frequency noise (about 200 fT/Hz1/2 at 10 Hz) was present. Computer simulation showed that the loss in this trilayer system was dominated by the high loss tangent of the dielectric film used for the separation of the upper and lower superconducting films. The rf coupling coefficient krf between the resonator and the flip-chip-coupled SQUID was also estimated. The values krf2≈14×10−3 obtained for the layout with two input coils, and krf2≈45×10−3 for the layout with the labyrinth resonator were considerably higher than the typical value of krf2≈7×10−3 for the single-layer coplanar resonator. These high coupling coefficients have compensated the somewhat degraded unloaded quality factor of the resonator, thus securing the optimum operation of the rf SQUID.
This paper demonstrates a design of a planar multi-turn flux transformer integrated with a superconducting labyrinth resonator serving as the planar tank circuit for a radio frequency (rf) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. All structures were patterned from 200 nm-thick epitaxial YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ (YBCO) films grown on 10/spl times/10 mm/sup 2/ LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. A double-hole washer SQUID had one hole coupled to the input coil of the labyrinth resonator and the other hole coupled to the input coil of the multi-turn flux transformer using a flip-chip configuration to form a magnetometer. This resonator has a good high-frequency coupling to the double-hole rf SQUID, thus securing its optimum operation. For the voltage-to-flux (transfer function) coefficient, a value of 300-500 /spl mu/V//spl Phi//sub 0/ was obtained. A SQUID magnetometer with an inductance of 210 pH exhibited white flux noise of 11.5 /spl mu//spl Phi//sub 0///spl radic/Hz at 77 K. This corresponded to a white magnetic field noise of 11.5 fT//spl radic/Hz.
We have developed a novel coplanar resonator serving as a tank circuit for radio frequency washer superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Two coplanar lines surrounded the circular flux concentrator washer, 13.4 mm in diameter. The SQUID, 3.5 mm in diameter, was coupled to the concentrator in the flip-chip configuration. All parts were fabricated from single-layer epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7 films on LaAlO3 substrates. In this layout, the resonant frequency could be set between 600 and 850 MHz. With SQUID loops of 100×100 μm2 (SQUID) inductance Ls=150 pH or 10×500 μm2 (Ls=260 pH), we determined at 77 K white flux noise levels Sφ1/2 of 1.0×10−5 and 1.5×10−5φ0/Hz, respectively. Both figures corresponded to the field resolution of about 30 fT/Hz.
The operation of YBa2Cu3O7 rf superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) using a dielectric SrTiO3 resonator as tank circuit was tested. At 77 K, we attained for such resonators unloaded quality factors Q0 up to 7000 at resonant frequencies near 1 GHz, when measuring without electromagnetic shielding. For a washer SQUID with an area of 4×4 mm2 and an inductance of ≂100 pH, which was properly coupled to the resonator, we measured an approximately 60 μV peak-to-peak SQUID signal and a white flux noise spectral density of SΦ1/2=1×10−5Φ0/√Hz, corresponding to a field sensitivity of BN=105 fT/√Hz. With an additional single-layer flux transformer with a diameter of the pickup loop of 22 mm in flip-chip arrangement, the field sensitivity was improved to 30 fT/√Hz.
Arrays of dc-superconducting quantum interference devices (dc-SQUIDs) were investigated, in which each dc-SQUID element has a multiturn input coil. The dependence of flux noise on the number of turns of the input coil was studied for current amplifiers. SQUID arrays were fabricated by a Nb/AlO x /Nb Josephson tunnel junction fabrication process. Results show that the flux noise of the SQUID array amplifier does not depend on the turn number of the input coil. A SQUID array amplifier consisting of 128 dc-SQUID elements was fabricated, in which each element had a 7-turn input coil and a mutual inductance between the input coil and the SQUID loop of 460 pH. This amplifier showed an ultrahigh current resolution of 1 pA/Hz0.5 and a maximum input current of 11 µA for signals of 50 kHz, which is sufficient bandwidth for X-ray detection applications. These values correspond to a large dynamic range of 87 dB. The flux-voltage characteristics of this SQUID array, however, showed asymmetric behavior, which originated from electronic resonance in stray capacitance and the mutual inductance between the SQUID loop and the multiturn input coil.