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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Observation of four-wave parametric interactions in cesium and barium vapors

G V Venkin, Gennady M. Krochik, Leonid L. Kulyuk, D I Maleev, Yu. G. Khronopulo

Published Mar 31, 1976• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Frequency-split (nondegenerate) four-wave quasiresonant interactions between monochromatic waves were observed in cesium vapor. The intensity of the generated waves was sufficient for cascade stimulated emission. Moreover, it was found that sum frequencies were generated in barium vapor and a conversion efficiency of ~ 10 –3 (measured relative to the pump energy) was sufficient for a quasiresonant four-wave parametric process.

DOI
10.1070/qe1976v006n03abeh011097

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Frequency-split (nondegenerate) four-wave quasiresonant interactions between monochromatic waves were observed in cesium vapor. The intensity of the generated waves was sufficient for cascade stimulated emission. Moreover, it was found that sum frequencies were generated in barium vapor and a conversion efficiency of ~ 10 –3 (measured relative to the pump energy) was sufficient for a quasiresonant four-wave parametric process.
An experimental investigation was made of a four-wave parametric interaction (FWPI) in a field of ultrashort optical pulses (λp ≈0.55 μ) acting on a 1S–1P0 two-level system of barium atomic vapor. It was observed that a pair of new frequencies ν3 and ν4 appeared as a result of FWPI, ν3 being close to ν'tps = 2νp – ν'sp and ν4 being close to ν'sp. This process was observed on approaching the resonance from the low-frequency side. When the resonance was approached from the high-frequency side, conical emission was recorded. It was found that a FWPI in a two-level system subjected to a strong pump field is governed by the third- and fifth-order nonlinear susceptibilities χ(3) and χ(5).
Barium vapor emission in the vicinity of the (5d6p1P1COP-6s1S0) and (6p1P1COP-6s1S0) resonance transitions excited by a XeCl* laser has been studied experimentaly. IR radiation ((lambda) equals 2315.8 nm) assigned to the Ba (7p1P1COP-7s1S0) transition has been detected. Four-wave parametric oscillation is assumed to be responsible for the Ba emission. Observations of the interaction range between UV pump radiation and Ba vapor have shown the green emission to be produced from a great number of narrow regions. This effect is attributable either to self- focusing or inversion threads.
An experimental investigation was made of stimulated Raman scattering (STRS) of excimer laser radiation in barium, thulium, and europium vapors. The energy of XeF* laser radiation ( λ = 351 nm) converted to the yellow range (585 nm) in barium vapor was 6 mJ and the conversion efficiency was ∼39%. The spectral composition of the converted radiation is governed by the STRS, by four-wave parametric processes, and also by lasing due to the natural barium transition. Selection of the pump frequencies is required to concentrate the converted radiation at a single frequency and to reduce its divergence. Stimulated Raman scattering of XeCl* laser radiation ( λ = 308 nm) was achieved in thulium vapor at λ = 422 nm. In europium vapor in quasiresonance with the 6 s 2 8 S 0 1/2 –5 d 2 10 P 0 11/2 forbidden transition, stimulated emission was obtained due to the natural 5 d 2 10 P 0 11/2 –6 s 6 p 10 P 11/2 and 5 d 2 10 P 0 11/2 –6 s 6 p 10 P 3/2 transitions.
We report on the observation of enhanced four-wave mixing via crossover resonance in a Doppler-broadened cesium vapor. Using a single laser frequency, a resonant parametric process in a double-Λ level configuration is directly excited for a specific velocity class. We investigate this process in different saturation regimes and demonstrate the possibility of generating intensity correlation and anticorrelation between the probe and conjugate beams. A simple theoretical model is developed that accounts qualitatively well to the observed results.
Two types of parametric four-wave mixing are observed when a single intense laser beam propagates through Na vapor near the D(1) and D(2) resonance lines. The first is related to three-photon scattering, while the second results from the coherent parametric interaction of the laser with excited-state Raman scattering. Identification of the two processes was greatly facilitated by the use of an optical multichannel detector system to observe the total emission spectrum for each individual laser pulse. The experimental conditions that determine whether stimulated emission or one or both of the four-wave mixing processes dominates the emission spectrum are described.
Nondegenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) in diamond-type atomic systems has important applications in a wide range of fields, including quantum entanglement generation, frequency conversion, and optical information processing. Although the efficient self-seeded nondegenerate FWM with amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) has been realized extensively, the seeded nondegenerate FWM without ASE is inefficient in reported experiments so far. Here we present the experimental realization of the seeded nondegenerate FWM in cesium atoms with a significantly improved efficiency. Specifically, with two pump lasers at 852 and 921 nm and a seed laser at 895 nm, a continuous-wave laser at 876 nm is efficiently generated via FWM in a cesium vapor cell with a power up to 1.2 mW, three orders of magnitude larger than what has been achieved in previous experiments. The improvement of the efficiency benefits from the exact satisfaction of the phase-matching condition realized by an elaborately designed setup. Our results may find applications in the generation of squeezing and entanglement of light via nondegenerate FWM.