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AIP conference proceedings

The momentum distribution function of a Luttinger liquid

P. J. Monisha, Soma Mukhopadhyay, Ashok Chatterjee

Published Jan 1, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The momentum distribution function of a one-dimensional interacting many electron-phonon system is calculated analytically within the framework of the Luttinger model. We have shown that, even a small electron-electron interaction destroys the fermi surface and in the presence of the electron-phonon interaction the residual fermi surface vanishes completely and the function becomes a continuous function of the wave vector as we increase the coupling strength. It shows that in one dimension, the Fermi liquid theory breaks down completely, if we include the electron-phonon interactions along with the electron-electron interaction.

DOI
10.1063/1.4791297

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The momentum distribution function of a one-dimensional interacting many electron-phonon system is calculated analytically within the framework of the Luttinger model. We have shown that, even a small electron-electron interaction destroys the fermi surface and in the presence of the electron-phonon interaction the residual fermi surface vanishes completely and the function becomes a continuous function of the wave vector as we increase the coupling strength. It shows that in one dimension, the Fermi liquid theory breaks down completely, if we include the electron-phonon interactions along with the electron-electron interaction.
We consider a one-dimensional system consisting of electrons with short-ranged repulsive interactions and coupled to small-momentum transfer acoustic phonons. The interacting electrons are bosonized and described in terms of a Luttinger liquid which allows us to calculate exactly the one- and two-electron Green function. For non-interacting electrons, the coupling to phonons alone induces a singularity at the Fermi surface which is analogous to that encountered for electrons with an instantaneous attractive interaction. The exponents which determine the presence of singlet/triplet superconducting pairing fluctuations, and spin/charge density wave fluctuations are strongly affected by the presence of the Wentzel-Bardeen singularity, resulting in the favoring of superconducting fluctuations. For the Hubbard model the equivalent of a phase diagram is established, as a function of: the electron-phonon coupling, the electron filling factor, and the on-site repulsion between electrons. The Wentzel-Bardeen singularity can be reached for arbitrary values of the electron-phonon coupling constant by varying the filling factor. This provides an effective mechanism to push the system from the antiferromagnetic into the metallic phase, and finally into the superconducting phase as the electron filling factor is increased towards half-filling.
We form a highly simplified model of an atomic wire on a surface by the coupling of two one-dimensional chains, one with electron-electron interactions to represent the wire and one with no electron-electron interactions to represent the surface. We use exact-diagonalization techniques to calculate the eigenstates and response functions of our model, in order to determine both the nature of the coupling and to what extent the coupling affects the Luttinger liquid properties that we would expect in a purely one-dimensional system. We find that while there are indeed Luttinger liquid indicators present, some residual Fermi liquid characteristics remain.
Fermions interacting via a long-range repulsive potential are considered in D spatial dimensions, where 1D\ensuremath{\le}2. The standard screening picture is found to break down, i.e., the screened effective interaction cannot be treated as instantaneous. For a bare potential which behaves at long distances as ${\mathit{r}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}(2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{D})}$ [as ln r in two dimensions (2D)] and within the random-phase approximation, the retardation effects induce an infrared catastrophe that changes the Fermi liquid into a Luttinger liquid in which the occupation number in momentum space is continuous across the Fermi surface. In 2D, the quantum liquid which we investigate may be called a ``Z=0 Fermi liquid'' (where Z is the strength of the quasiparticle pole at the Fermi surface) since the electron propagator has an isolated pole with a constant residue that scales to zero as the size of the system increases to infinity. For 1D2, the quantum liquid resembles the 1D Luttinger liquid as the single-particle propagator exhibits a branch cut structure. Moreover, we present a ground-state wave function which reproduces the Luttinger-liquid exponent of the momentum distribution near the Fermi surface.
We form a highly simplified model of an atomic wire on a surface by the coupling of two one-dimensional chains, one with electron-electron interactions to represent the wire and one with no electron-electron interactions to represent the surface. We use exact-diagonalization techniques to calculate the eigenstates and response functions of our model, in order to determine both the nature of the coupling and to what extent the coupling affects the Luttinger liquid properties that we would expect in a purely one-dimensional system. We find that while there are indeed Luttinger liquid indicators present, some residual Fermi liquid characteristics remain.
The electronic systems in one dimension have features quite distinct from those in higher dimensions. The onedimensional Fermi surface consists of two discrete points, while in higher dimensions it is continuous. The low-energy particle-hole pairs’ spectrum, which arises from momentum and energy conservations for wave vector between zero and twice of Fermi wave vector does not exist in one dimension. In higher dimensions, this region of missing states is filled in. The Fourier transform of one-dimensional Coulomb potential diverges. This led to wide spread belief that one-dimensional interacting electronic systems should exhibit non-Fermi liquid (known as Luttinger liquid) behaviour. However, there is still no unambiguous evidence both for the real existence or non-existence of Luttinger liquid behaviour in a realistic quantum wire. This talk briefly reviews key aspects of Fermi liquid approach and Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid approach for a onedimensional system. In this paper, structure factor, pair distribution function and electron-electron scattering, which exhibit similarity between two approaches in low energy and momentum regime, is reviewed.
We consider spinless electrons in two dimensions with the bare spectrum ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathbf{p}}$=vF{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{F}}vF​(\ensuremath{\Vert}px{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{x}}px​\ensuremath{\Vert}+\ensuremath{\Vert}py{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{y}}py​\ensuremath{\Vert}). In momentum space, the interactions among electrons have a finite range q0{\mathit{q}}_{0}q0​, which is small compared to the Fermi momentum. A golden-rule calculation of the electron lifetime indictes a breakdown of Landau's Fermi-liquid theory in the model. At the one-loop level of perturbation theory, we show that the density wave and the superconducting instabilities cancel each other and there is no symmetry breaking. We solve the model via bosonization; the excitation spectrum is found to consist of gapless bosonic modes as in a one-dimensional Luttinger liquid.