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International conference on fiber optics and photonics

Efficient Entanglement Distribution over Standard Telecom Channels

Djeylan Aktas, Bruno Fedrici, Laurent Labonté, Sébastien Tanzilli

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a novel approach to quantum cryptography systems merging, on a single bench top, entangled photons generation and their distribution using standard telecommunication technologies. We employ our technique for distributing photonic entanglement over a fully fibered network, and achieve unprecedented bit rates, which go beyond the state of the art for similar approaches, emphasizing the potential of our system for long-distance and high-speed quantum cryptography applications.

DOI
10.1364/photonics.2014.t2a.3

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We propose a novel approach to quantum cryptography systems merging, on a single bench top, entangled photons generation and their distribution using standard telecommunication technologies. We employ our technique for distributing photonic entanglement over a fully fibered network, and achieve unprecedented bit rates, which go beyond the state of the art for similar approaches, emphasizing the potential of our system for long-distance and high-speed quantum cryptography applications.
Quantum Key distribution (QKD) enables two parties, Alice and Bob, to share a sequence of random bit whose secrecy is guaranteed by the fondations of quantum physics. The natural counterpart of this genuine inviolability lies in moderate key generation rates and achievable distances, due to severe exper- imental constraints, such as photon generation probabilities, detector's inefficiencies, detector's dark counts, and losses in fiber distribution channels. As well as improving these exper- imental resources since the last couple of years, several strate- gies are developed for increasing this bit rate. One promising way consists in exploiting the spectral correlations of time- energy entangled photons, enabling higher information con- tent per paired photon. Our idea is to combine the maturity of QKD schemes with high performance standard telecom com- ponents to propose a practical scheme allowing the distribu- tion of secret bits over 200 km at unprecedented rates.
Top-performance sources of photonic entanglement are an indispensable resource for many applications in quantum communication, most notably quantum key distribution. However, up to now, no source has been shown to simultaneously exhibit the high pair-creation rate, broad bandwidth, excellent state fidelity, and low intrinsic loss necessary for gigabit secure key rates. In this work, we present for the first time a source of polarization-entangled photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths that covers all these needs of real-world quantum-cryptographic applications, thus enabling unprecedented quantum-secure key rates of more than 1 Gbit/s. Our source is designed to optimally exploit state-of-the-art telecommunication equipment and detection systems. Any technological improvement of the latter would result in an even higher rate without modification of the source. We discuss the used wavelength-multiplexing approach, including its potential for multi-user quantum networks and its fundamental limitations. Our source paves the way for high-speed quantum encryption approaching present-day internet bandwidth.
Distributing entanglement through standard telecommunication fiber is particularly important for quantum key distribution protocols with low vulnerability over metropolitan distances. However, entanglement distribution over long distance through optical fiber so far could only be accomplished with moderate photon pair rates. In this work, we present entanglement distribution over 50 km of standard telecommunication fiber with a pair rate of more than 10 000 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ using a bright nondegenerate photon pair source. Signal and idler wavelengths of this source are optimized for low dispersion in optical fiber and high efficiency for single-photon avalanche diode detectors, respectively. The resulting modest hardware requirement and high rate of detected entangled photon pairs could significantly enhance practical entanglement-based quantum key distribution in existing metropolitan fiber networks.
We demonstrate the distribution of polarization-entangled photons for the purpose of quantum key distribution (QKD) along active telecom fibers. Entangled photon pairs of 810 nm wavelength generated by a Sagnac interferometer source were coupled into standard telecom single mode fibers. The fibers were either dark or carrying a standardized 1550 nm ethernet signals (1000BASE-ZX) with a nominal speed of 1 GBps from regular media converter devices, without any requirements on the optical power or spectrum transmitted. Our system demonstrates a QKD network covering 6 km in distance with a central service provider for classical and quantum data.
At the heart of quantum physics lies the principle of superposition, and at the heart of information theory lies the bit. Perhaps the most useful property of quantum systems is that they can be loaded with information bits, so-called qubits, that are indefinitely both 0 and 1 until a measurement is made. Another consequence is that several qubits can become entangled, which is manifested by the non-classical correlations between such quantum systems when measured in all possible bases. Within the rapidly progressing fields of quantum information and quantum communication these quantum effects are utilized to perform tasks such as quantum computing and quantum cryptography. In this thesis we present experimental and theoretical work using single photon sources to prepare ``flying'' photonic qubits. We describe work using mainly quasi-phase-matched nonlinear crystals to generate beams of entangled photon pairs, that are either encoded in polarization at near-visible wavelengths, or in time at optical fiber telecommunication wavelengths (1550 nm). The optical fiber is the medium used for transporting the qubits over a long distance, and it is therefore essential to couple the photons well into the fibers. By focusing the beams optimally, we have investigated how this problem can meet the requirement of creating photons of a narrow frequency bandwidth and a high photon flux. Furthermore, we have generated truly single photons that are heralded by an electrical signal. As a result of modifying the statistics of such sources we have been able to show the effect of photon antibunching. In two separate works, we have implemented a quantum key distribution system based on faint laser pulses at the telecom wavelength of 1550 nm, as well as protocols based on entanglement for performing authentication of key distribution in quantum cryptography.