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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Resonance fluorescence of a two-level atom driven by a short laser pulse: extension to the off-resonance excitation

Roberto Buffa, Stefano Cavalieri, Lorenzo Fini, M. Matera

Published Jan 28, 1988• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The resonance fluorescence of a two-level atom interacting with a laser pulse is studied, following the short-pulse approximation. The authors demonstrate that an explicit expression of the energy spectrum in terms of atomic-state amplitudes holds also for an off-resonance excitation. Some analytically solvable cases are studied in detail, showing that the main spectral properties of the fluorescence emitted under adiabatic and non-adiabatic pulsed excitation can be easily described. For the first time the continuous dependence of the fluorescence spectrum on laser detuning is reported for a smooth pulse.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/21/2/008

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Journal of Physics B Atomic and Molecular Physics•Jan 28, 1980•102 citations
The resonance fluorescence of a two-level atom interacting with a laser pulse is studied, following the short-pulse approximation. The authors demonstrate that an explicit expression of the energy spectrum in terms of atomic-state amplitudes holds also for an off-resonance excitation. Some analytically solvable cases are studied in detail, showing that the main spectral properties of the fluorescence emitted under adiabatic and non-adiabatic pulsed excitation can be easily described. For the first time the continuous dependence of the fluorescence spectrum on laser detuning is reported for a smooth pulse.
The authors have studied the fluorescence spectrum of a two-level atom interacting with a resonant smooth laser pulse. Assuming a filter width larger than the Fourier width of the pulse, an approximate analytic closed form for the power spectrum valid for any pulse shape is obtained. In these conditions the power spectrum exhibits a time-developing three-peak structure, while the energy spectrum presents a single line, unless the pulse is near rectangular. Theoretical energy spectra are in qualitative agreement with measurements of the resonance fluorescence emitted by strontium atoms irradiated by short laser pulses.
Resonance fluorescence from the two-level atom in the field of a resonant, exponentially-decaying pulse is considered when the spontaneous linewidth may be neglected. The analytical expressions for the physical spectra are given and discussed for any field strength and any pulse decay time. The approximation schemes for large and small pulse areas are presented and illustrated by numerical results. In the latter case line narrowing is obtained, while the former corresponds to the near-adiabatic case.
The approximation of nonoverlapping lines is used to calculate spectra of resonance fluorescence and Raman scattering when two- and three-level atoms are pumped by a smooth pulse of duration comparable with the excited-state lifetime. The difference between the quasienergy terms, that determines the satellite frequency, depends on time and has the same value twice, at the pulse leading and trailing edges, so that interference may occur between the radiation produced in the appropriate parts of the pulse. However, the interference pattern is blurred since radiative broadening destroys the coherence. Relationships are obtained between the parameters for which interference may be observed. An analysis is made of the change to short pulses when allowance can be made for the scattered field using the first order of perturbation theory.
Attention is focused on the dynamic evolution of the emission spectrum following abrupt excitation of a near-resonant two-level absorber by a strong laser field. The multiphoton character of the absorption-emission process is evident in the AC Stark splitting of the spectrum, which begins approximately half an atomic lifetime after excitation, if the laser field is strong enough. Analytic expressions for the spectra are given of arbitrary laser field strength, atomic lifetime, laser-atom detuning, and the bandwidth of the spectrometer used to analyse the spectrum. Selected graphs are included to illustrate various time-dependent features of the spectrum. The influence on the transient spectrum of three different states of atomic excitation prior to laser irradiation and the effect on the spectrum of irradiation by a phase-noisy laser are also considered. Comparison of the transient spectra from atoms initially prepared in ' pi /2' and '3 pi /2' states show clearly that phase relationships between the irradiating field and the emitting dipole are important even in fluorescence.