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Physical Review

Generalized Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer States and the Proposed Low-Temperature Phase of Liquid He 3

P. W. Anderson, P. Morel

Published Sep 15, 1961• 661 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Particle interactions in a Fermi gas may be such as to attract pairs near the Fermi surface more strongly in $l=1, 2, 3$ or higher states than in the simple spherically symmetrical $s$ state. In that case the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer condensed state must be generalized, and the resulting state is an anisotropic superfluid. We have studied the properties of this type of state in considerable detail, especially for $l=1 \mathrm{and} 2$. We have derived expressions for the energy, the moment of inertia, the magnetic susceptibility and the specific heat. We also derive the density correlation function and the density-current density correlation; in some cases the latter implies that the liquid has net surface currents and a net orbital angular momentum. The ground state for $l=2$ is different from those previously considered, and has cubic symmetry and no net angular momentum. A general method for replacing the possibly rather complicated potential by a simple scattering matrix is given. A brief discussion of possible collective effects is included. We apply our results to liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$; after correction for scattering by a method due to Suhl, it is found that the predicted transition should take place below 0.02\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Other possible applications are suggested.

DOI
10.1103/physrev.123.1911

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Particle interactions in a Fermi gas may be such as to attract pairs near the Fermi surface more strongly in l=1,2,3l=1, 2, 3l=1,2,3 or higher states than in the simple spherically symmetrical sss state. In that case the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer condensed state must be generalized, and the resulting state is an anisotropic superfluid. We have studied the properties of this type of state in considerable detail, especially for l=1and2l=1 \mathrm{and} 2l=1and2. We have derived expressions for the energy, the moment of inertia, the magnetic susceptibility and the specific heat. We also derive the density correlation function and the density-current density correlation; in some cases the latter implies that the liquid has net surface currents and a net orbital angular momentum. The ground state for l=2l=2l=2 is different from those previously considered, and has cubic symmetry and no net angular momentum. A general method for replacing the possibly rather complicated potential by a simple scattering matrix is given. A brief discussion of possible collective effects is included. We apply our results to liquid He3{\mathrm{He}}^{3}He3; after correction for scattering by a method due to Suhl, it is found that the predicted transition should take place below 0.02\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Other possible applications are suggested.
An investigation was conducted within the limits of the Bardeen-Cooper- Schrieffer (BCS) theory of the properties of the l = 1, 2, 3,... states of condensed fermions. The study is confined to states only of zero-total momentum. The results indicated that the most unusual properties were connected with the angular momentum. Less spectacular were the superfluidity or superconductivity properties. Unlike the case for l = 0, the states for all higher l's are sensitive to impurity scattering effects. (B.O.G.)
We analyze the evolution of superfluidity for nonzero orbital angular momentum channels from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) to the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) limit in three dimensions. First, we analyze the low-energy scattering properties of finite range interactions for all possible angular momentum channels. Second, we discuss ground-state (T=0)(T=0)(T=0) superfluid properties including the order parameter, chemical potential, quasiparticle excitation spectrum, momentum distribution, atomic compressibility, ground-state energy, and low-energy collective excitations. We show that a quantum phase transition occurs for nonzero angular momentum pairing, unlike the sss-wave case where the BCS to BEC evolution is just a crossover. Third, we present a Gaussian fluctuation theory near the critical temperature (T=Tc)(T={T}_{\mathrm{c}})(T=Tc​), and we analyze the number of bound, scattering, and unbound fermions as well as the chemical potential. Finally, we derive the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau functional near Tc{T}_{\mathrm{c}}Tc​, and compare the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length with the zero-temperature average Cooper pair size.
We present ground-state calculations for low-density Fermi gases described by two model interactions, an attractive square-well potential and a Lennard-Jones potential, of varying strength. We use the optimized Fermi-hypernetted chain integral equation method, which has been proved to provide, in the density regimes of interest here, an accuracy of better than 1%. We first examine the low-density expansion of the energy and compare it with the exact answer of H. Huang and C. N. Yang [Phys. Rev. 105, 767 (1957)]. It is shown that a locally correlated wave function of the Jastrow-Feenberg type does not recover the quadratic term in the expansion of the energy in powers of a0kF{a}_{0}{k}_{F}a0​kF​, where a0{a}_{0}a0​ is the vacuum sss-wave scattering length and kF{k}_{F}kF​ the Fermi wave number. The problem is cured by adding second-order perturbation corrections in a correlated basis. Going to higher densities and/or more strongly coupled systems, we encounter an instability of the normal state of the system which is characterized by a divergence of the in-medium scattering length. We interpret this divergence as a phonon-exchange-driven dimerization of the system, similar to what occurs at zero density when the vacuum scattering length a0{a}_{0}a0​ diverges. We then study, in the stable regime, the superfluid gap and its dependence on the density and the interaction strength. We identify two corrections to low-density expansions: One is medium corrections to the pairing interaction, and the other is finite-range corrections. We show that the most important finite-range corrections are a direct manifestation of the many-body nature of the system.
The microscopic theory of a superfluid Fermi liquid at finite temperature is developed for the case of a pure system with SSS-wave pairing, and applied to the calculation of the static properties. As a function of $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}$ these properties are determined entirely by the Landau parameters F0{F}_{0}F0​, F1{F}_{1}F1​, Z0{Z}_{0}Z0​, etc., characterizing quasiparticle interactions in the normal phase. In particular the spin susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ and the density of the normal component ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}$ are given by $\frac{\ensuremath{\chi}(\ensuremath{\theta})}{\ensuremath{\chi}(1)}=(1+\frac{1}{4}{Z}_{0})\frac{f(\ensuremath{\theta})}{[1+\frac{1}{4}{Z}_{0}f(\ensuremath{\theta})]},$ $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}=(1+\frac{1}{3}{F}_{1})\frac{f(\ensuremath{\theta})}{[1+\frac{1}{3}{F}_{1}f(\ensuremath{\theta})]},$ where the universal function $f(\ensuremath{\theta})\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{-}{[\ensuremath{\nu}(0)]}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{p}}(\frac{\mathrm{dn}}{d{E}_{\mathrm{p}}})$ is the "effective density of states near the Fermi surface" relative to its value $\ensuremath{\nu}(0)$ in the normal phase. Thus the often-quoted expression ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}=\frac{1}{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{p}}{\mathrm{p}}^{2}(\frac{\mathrm{dn}}{d{E}_{\mathrm{p}}})$ is valid for an interacting system only in the limit $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. In the latter part of the paper a simple phenomenological theory of "Fermi-liquid" effects on $\ensuremath{\chi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}$ is developed for arbitrary conditions (including the presence of impurities and pairing with $l\ensuremath{\ne}0$); it is found that under most circumstances explicit expressions for $\ensuremath{\chi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}$ may be obtained which involve only the Landau parameters and a suitably generalized effective density of states. The theory should apply to the possible superfluid phase of He3{\mathrm{He}}^{3}He3 and to most superconductors. It is suggested that the Knight shift in nontransition-metal superconductors should display some "Fermi-liquid" effects. The weak-field dc penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ is shown to be insensitive to such effects both in the Pippard limit and near Tc{T}_{c}Tc​; however, in a London superconductor at lower temperatures the correction to $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ should be observable and yield a direct estimate of F1{F}_{1}F1​.
Although our discussion in this section will be largely phenomenological we must anticipate the major result of the microscopic theory which will be developed in Parts II and III; in particular we must make use of the fact that superfluidity in Fermi systems arises from the formation of a special kind of bound state in which electrons (or He quasiparticles) on (or near) the Fermi surface having oppositely directed momenta, + p and – p , form (collectively) bound pairs. For the vast majority of superfluid electron systems (metals), the pairs form in a state with no net orbital angular momentum, an l = 0 or s-wave state which we will refer to as conventional fermion superfluidity; by the Pauli principle the electrons must then be in a singlet spin state (s = 0). In the decade or so following the development of the BCS theory, and especially after the experimental discovery of the superfluid phases of liquid He, theorists explored various types of pairing in systems with a more complicated orbital and spin structure in which the gap can vary, in both magnitude and phase, with position on the Fermi surface. In the case of odd l pairing, the pairs form (again due to the Pauli principle) in a triplet s = 1 rather than a singlet spin state. The energy gap associated with such states may have zeros (i.e., vanish) at points or lines on the Fermi surface, and as a result the number of excitations at low temperatures varies as a power of the temperature, rather than exponentially.
The possible superfluidity of a system of strongly interacting fermions is investigated on the assumption that an adequate description of the system in its "normal" state is given by independent fermions in a momentum-dependent potential. On the basis of this assumption we have investigated whether a correlated wave function of the form used by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer minimizes the ground-state energy. The nonzero terms in the expectation value of the Hamiltonian contain the modified kinetic energy and the full two-body potential between the fermion pairs. An integral equation is obtained in configuration space for the correlation function between pairs. This integral equation is meaningful even for potentials with hard cores, and a nonzero solution implies the existence of a superfluid state. A variational method is devised which provides a criterion for superfluidity and a lower bound for the transition temperature into the superfluid state. We find that a repulsive hard core does not in principle forbid the existence of a superfluid state, but whereas in the absence of a hard core an attractive two-body potential always leads to a superfluid state at sufficiently low temperatures, in the presence of a repulsive core there appears to be a critical strength of attraction needed to form a superfluid state. When the variational principle is applied to liquid He3{\mathrm{He}}^{3}He3 or to nuclear matter, it is found for a wide class of trial functions that the system does not become a superfluid.