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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

The Cross-Modulation Effects in the Kr II Laser

Osamu Karatsu, Iwao Ogura

Published Aug 1, 1972• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The intensity changes of all the important spontaneous emissions of Kr I and Kr II in visible region are examined, when the 5682Å laser transition (5p 4 D 5/2 →5s 2 P 3/2 ) in Kr II is interrupted by a rotating chopper. The strong positive cross-modulations are observed in the lines which start from 5p 4 D 5/2 state of Kr II. The cross-modulations of the lines which end on 5 s 2 P 3/2 state of Kr II are not so strong. But certain degree of cross-modulations are observed in some of the lines of Kr II which have no direct connection to the laser states. No cross-modulation is observed in the Kr I lines.

DOI
10.1143/jjap.11.1165

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry A•May 29, 2018•6 citations
The intensity changes of all the important spontaneous emissions of Kr I and Kr II in visible region are examined, when the 5682Å laser transition (5p 4 D 5/2 →5s 2 P 3/2 ) in Kr II is interrupted by a rotating chopper. The strong positive cross-modulations are observed in the lines which start from 5p 4 D 5/2 state of Kr II. The cross-modulations of the lines which end on 5 s 2 P 3/2 state of Kr II are not so strong. But certain degree of cross-modulations are observed in some of the lines of Kr II which have no direct connection to the laser states. No cross-modulation is observed in the Kr I lines.
Both on-axis and conical emissions have been observed following two-photon pumping of the 5p states of krypton and the 6p', 7p, 8p, and 4f states of xenon. In the former case, coherent emissions from the 5p states to the 5s are observed, and in the latter case, many p..-->..s, d..-->..p, and f..-->..d cascade emissions are observed. By analogy to the well-studied alkali and alkaline earth examples, the emissions are discussed in terms of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), stimulated hyper-Raman scattering, and parametric four-wave mixing. The physical processes responsible for the conical emission and for intensity anomalies in the xenon p..-->..s emissions are not understood at present. Interference effects due to coherent cancellation between competing excitation pathways may be occurring. 4 refs., 3 figs.
Results on quasi-resonant optical pumping of Yb vapors by KrF*-laser radiation (λ p = 248 nm) are presented. The radiation was converted to the visible range to be available for study. Strong lines of amplified spontaneous emission are detected. These lines are due to transitions between the groups of even (6 s 5 d 1 D 2 , 6 s 6 d 3 D 1, 2, 3 ) and odd Yb levels (6 s 6 p 1 P 1 0 , 6 s 6 p 3 P 0 0,1,2 ). Coherent radiation is detected at Yb resonance lines with λ = 398.8 and 555.6 nm, which are caused, respectively, by the 6 s 6 p 1 P 1 0 → 6 s 6 s 1 S 0 and 6 s 6 p 3 P 1 0 → 6 s 6 s 1 S 0 transitions in the Yb atom. A sequence of processes that lead to the formation of inversion at the Yb atomic transitions is qualitatively examined.
The effect of a laser field on the cross section of photoionization of an atom by probe radiation in the region of closely lying autoionizing resonances is studied theoretically. The cross sections in the region of the overlapping autoionizing Rydberg states 5p 5(2 P 1/2)6d′ J = 1 and 5p 5(2 P 1/2)8s′ J = 1 resonantly coupled with the discrete state 5p 5(2 P 3/2)7p[1/2]1 in the xenon atom are calculated. The behavior of the shape and position of resonances in relation to the frequency and intensity of laser radiation is studied.
To extend the capabilities of the existing spectroscopic methods of investigation and diagnostics of gaseous media, we consider a macroscopic effect of an increase in the rate of spontaneous emission, which results in the transition of a considerable part of excited molecules to lower-lying optically accessible states with light pulse emission along the direction of propagation of the exciting laser radiation. As an application of the effect of amplified spontaneous emission, we propose the population with its help of optically inaccessible electronic states of atoms and molecules.
The kinetic processes for the Xe (6p[1/2] 0 ) atoms in Kr, Ar, Ne, and He buffer gases were studied. We found that Kr, Ar, and Ne atoms can be used to switch the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) channel from 3408 nm (6p[1/2] 0 –6s′[1/2] 1 ) to 3680 nm (5d[1/2] 1 –6p[1/2] 1 ), while Xe and He atoms do not show such a phenomenon. This ASE channel switch is mainly ascribed to the fast transfer of 6p[1/2] 0 → 5d[1/2] 1 . On the basis of the rate equations for two-state coupling (energy-transfer processes between the two states are very rapid), the reason why the ASE channel switch effect normally coincides with a double exponential decay of the spontaneous emission at 828 nm (6p[1/2] 0 –6s[3/2] 1 ) is explained. The actual situations in Xe, Ar, Ne, and He follow this rule. However, the strictly single exponential decay of the spontaneous emission at 828 nm and strong ASE channel switch effect simultaneously emerge in Kr. This indicates that the transfer of 6p[1/2] 0 → 5d[1/2] 1 in Kr does not occur via two-state coupling, but via two steps of near-resonance collision through the 5s[3/2] 2 (Kr) state as the intermediate state (6p[1/2] 0 → 5s[3/2] 2 (Kr) → 5d[1/2] 1 ). In addition, we found Xe (6p[1/2] 0 ) atoms strongly tend to reach the 6p[3/2] 2, 6p[3/2] 1, and 6p[5/2] 2 states through the 5s[3/2] 2 (Kr) state as the intermediate state in Kr. The 5s[3/2] 2 (Kr) state plays a very important role in the energy-transfer kinetics for the Xe (6p[1/2] 0 ) atoms. Kr is probably an excellent buffer gas for laser systems based on Xe.