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Conference in Honor of C N Yang's 85th Birthday

INTERACTING MULTI-COMPONENT FERMIONS AND THE YANG-BAXTER EQUATION: FUTURE PROSPECTS

Murray T. Batchelor

Published Dec 1, 2008• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The remarkable exact solution of 1D interacting fermions heralded a new era in the study of quantum many-body problems. The mathematical structure of the underlying Yang-Baxter equation led to profound advances in other fields. Recently there has been a significant revival of interest in 1D quantum many-body problems due to the striking and ongoing experimental developments in the study of cold quantum matter. In particular, through the trapping and cooling of interacting systems of atomic bosons and fermions in low dimensions. There is, e.g., already rather spectacular agreement between theory and experiment for 1D interacting bosons. This includes an experimental test of Yang-Yang thermodynamics for bosons on a chip...

DOI
10.1142/9789812794185_0015

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The remarkable exact solution of 1D interacting fermions heralded a new era in the study of quantum many-body problems. The mathematical structure of the underlying Yang-Baxter equation led to profound advances in other fields. Recently there has been a significant revival of interest in 1D quantum many-body problems due to the striking and ongoing experimental developments in the study of cold quantum matter. In particular, through the trapping and cooling of interacting systems of atomic bosons and fermions in low dimensions. There is, e.g., already rather spectacular agreement between theory and experiment for 1D interacting bosons. This includes an experimental test of Yang-Yang thermodynamics for bosons on a chip...
Over the past two decades quantum engineering has made significant advances in our ability to create genuine quantum many-body systems using ultracold atoms. In particular, some prototypical exactly solvable Yang-Baxter systems have been successfully realized allowing us to confront elegant and sophisticated exact solutions of these systems with their experimental counterparts. The new experimental developments show a variety of fundamental one-dimensional (1D) phenomena, ranging from the generalized hydrodynamics to dynamical fermionization, Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids, collective excitations, fractional exclusion statistics, quantum holonomy, spin-charge separation, competing orders with high spin symmetry and quantum impurity problems. This article briefly reviews these developments and provides rigorous understanding of those observed phenomena based on the exact solutions while highlighting the uniqueness of 1D quantum physics. The precision of atomic physics realizations of integrable many-body problems continues to inspire significant developments in mathematics and physics while at the same time offering the prospect to contribute to future quantum technology.
Using Bethe's hypothesis, C N Yang exactly solved the one-dimensional (1D) delta-function interacting spin-1/2 Fermi gas with an arbitrary spin-imbalance in 1967. At that time, using a different method, M Gaudin solved the problem of interacting fermions in a spin-balanced case. Later, the 1D delta-function interacting fermion problem was named as the Yang-Gaudin model. It has been in general agreed that a key discovery of C N Yang's work was the cubic matrix equation for the solvability conditions. % This equation was later independently found by R J Baxter for commuting transfer matrices of 2D exactly solvable vertex models. % The equation has since been referred to Yang-Baxter equation, being the master equation to integrability. % The Yang-Baxter equation has been used to solve a wide range of 1D many-body problems in physics, such as 1D Hubbard model, SU(N)SU(N)SU(N) Fermi gases, Kondo impurity problem and strongly correlated electronic systems etc. % In this paper, we will briefly discuss recent developments of the Yang-Gaudin model on several breakthroughs of many-body phenomena, ranging from the universal thermodynamics to the Luttigner liquid, the spin charge separation, the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO)-like pairing state and the quantum criticality. % These developments demonstrate that the Yang-Gaudin model has laid out a profound legacy of the Yang-Baxter equation.
The Yang-Baxter Equation (YBE) plays a crucial role for studying integrable many-body quantum systems. Many known YBE solutions provide various examples ranging from quantum spin chains to superconducting systems. Models of solvable statistical mechanics and their avatars are also based on YBE. Therefore, new solutions of the YBE could be used to construct new interesting 1D quantum or 2D classical systems with many other far-reaching applications. In this work, we attempt to find (almost) exhaustive set of solutions for the YBE in the lowest dimensions corresponding to a two-qubit case. We develop an algorithm, which can potentially be used for generating new higher-dimensional solutions of the YBE.
In a seminal paper of 1967, Professor Chen Ning Yang found the full solution of the one-dimensional Fermi gas with a repulsive delta function interaction by using the Bethe ansatz and group theory. This work with a brilliant discovery of the Yang–Baxter equation has been inspiring new developments in mathematical physics, statistical physics, and many-body physics. Based on experimental developments in simulating many-body physics of one-dimensional systems of ultracold atoms, during a period from 2009 to 2011, Prof. Yang published seven papers on the exact properties of the ground state of bosonic and fermionic atoms with the repulsive delta function interaction and a confined potential to one dimension. Here I would like to share my experience in doing research work fortunately under the direct supervision of Prof. Yang in that period.
Understanding the effect of correlations in interacting many-body systems is one of the main challenges in quantum mechanics. While the general problem can only be addressed by approximate methods and numerical simulations, in some limiting cases, it is amenable to exact solutions. I will present a family of exact solutions for strongly interacting 1D quantum gases in arbitrary external potential, valid for bosons, multicomponent fermions and mixtures. It allows us to obtain experimental observables such as the density profiles and momentum distribution at all momentum scales, beyond the Luttinger liquid approach. It also predicts the exact quantum dynamics at all the times, including the small oscillation regime yielding the collective modes of the system and the large quench regime where the system parameters are changed considerably. The solution can be extended to describe finite-temperature conditions, spin, and magnetization effects. In particular I will present large-size calculations of the frequency- and momentum-resolved spectral function of strongly repulsive lattice bosons and a symmetry-breaking exact solution for a Bose-Bose mixture. Our approach directly describes the experiments with trapped ultracold atoms where the strongly correlated regime in one dimension has been achieved.
Exactly solvable models have played a key role in our understanding of low-dimensional statistical systems and condensed matter physics. Underlying these models is the famous Yang-Baxter equation, and the authors present here a large class of new integrable quantum many-body models following a rational solution to this equation. Moreover, a duality symmetry connecting different integrable models is uncovered. This is illustrated using an interacting topological system, where the topological phase transition is related to the modular subgroup of the duality symmetry.