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Physica Scripta

Recent Experiments with Ultracold Quantum-Degenerate Atomic Gases

Dominik Schneble

Published Jan 1, 2004• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This article reviews some recent experiments with ultracold quantum-degenerate atomic gases at MIT that were presented at the 35th EGAS Conference, including studies of a degenerate strongly interacting Fermi gas, the collective scattering of light from a Bose–Einstein condensate, and the manipulation of condensates in microstructured magnetic potentials.

DOI
10.1238/physica.topical.112a00048

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The main topic of these lectures is the physics of quantum degenerate atomic Fermi gases both under uniform confinement and in harmonic traps. To begin with, a general introduction on ideal Fermi gases is proposed. This "academic" limit is relevant in experiments where ultracold fermionic atoms are all polarized in a single spin state: the low atom momenta together with the fermionic nature of the atoms forbid atomic s-wave scattering and the atoms can be considered as free. Interactions are then introduced for the case of a gas with two spin components. Interactions can be tuned via Feshbach resonances and control the microscopic features of the superfluid phase, ranging from the BCS limit (formation of Cooper pairs) to the BEC limit (Bose-Einstein condensation of dimers). Various theoretical approaches for the description of the BCS-BEC crossover and their predictions in comparison with the experimental results are discussed.
Experiments with ultracold quantum degenerate gases such as Bose-Einstein Condensates or degenerate Fermi gases are at the forefront of modern atomic physics. These systems allow the investigation of complicated quantum-mechanical dynamics of many-body systems in a well controlled environment. Since these gases require temperatures near absolute zero, they must be well isolated from any room temperature environment. Mechanical forces that laser beams exert on atoms are well suited for trapping and manipulating these atoms. The goal of our studies is the investigation of holographic techniques to generate nearly arbitrary lightfields for the manipulation of ultracold quantum gases. The project has three major components: periodic lattices, aperiodic patterns, and computer generated binary holography.
Besides the enormous opportunities offered by spectroscopy and atom interferometry, laser cooling has opened up the possibility of experimentally realizing and manipulating quantum degenerate gases: Bose–Einstein condensates and degenerate Fermionic systems. This chapter starts with an illustration of key experimental techniques, such as magnetic trapping, evaporative cooling, and Feshbach resonances. It then turns to the physics of atomic Bose–Einstein condensates, discussing their superfluid behaviour, their coherence properties, and their application to precise measurements. It also describes the experimental investigation of ultracold Fermi gases and fermionic superfluidity, as well as ongoing research into ultracold polar molecules.