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The European Physical Journal D

Refractive index measurements by probe-beam deflection

G. T. Purves, Gregor Jundt, Charles S. Adams, Ifan G. Hughes

Published Apr 19, 2004• 22 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1140/epjd/e2004-00056-8

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We demonstrate that the spectra of a probe beam probing an ensemble of two-level atoms damped by a broadband squeezed vacuum and driven by a weak laser may exhibit a large refractive index accompanied by zero absorption when the probe beam frequency is tuned to the laser frequency. This resonant effect is due to coherent population oscillations. The same theoretical model also exhibits a large refractive index with zero absorption at the Rabi sidebands and near resonance. These results may be verified by present experiments.
In this paper, we investigate the novel behavior of induced focusing in nonlinear metamaterials (MMs) through designing probe-pump configuration, where the coupled waves may simultaneously experience negative refractive index or positive refractive index, or one experiences positive refractive index and another experiences negative refractive index both analytically and numerically. It is shown that cross-phase modulation (XPM) in MM not only brings some new features to the behavior of induced focusing, but also makes it possible in the ordinary positive-index materials (OMs), where it is otherwise impossible. First, we reveal that weak probe beam can be focused by strong pump beam even when their centers are completely overlapping each other. Moreover, it is found that the separated distance between coupled waves has an optimal value, which results in the strongest focusing of probe beam. Finally, another most notable property is that a spatial induced focusing is found to occur for different combinations of the signs of refractive index decided by the probe and pump beams, respectively, implying that a spatial XPM in MMs can be used as a more powerful tool for controlling the inducing focusing, when compared with the corresponding case in OMs. Our findings demonstrate that MMs can provide us unique opportunities unattainable in OMs to manipulate the all-optical control of optical focusing behavior through the new physical mechanism of XPM.