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Physica Scripta

Cavity-induced quantum cooperative phenomena

Francesco Plastina, G. Falcone, Francesco Francica, G Liberti, Franco Piperno, Sabrina Maniscalco

Published Sep 1, 2010• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Two kinds of cooperative effects are discussed for two-level atoms (qubits) interacting with an electromagnetic resonator, both of them concerning Dicke super-radiance. The first is a static, critical phenomenon: the so-called super-radiant phase transition, occurring when a large number of qubits are coupled to a single cavity mode giving rise to a quantum phase transition for a critical value of the interaction strength. The second is a dynamic phenomenon, producing (among other effects) the generation and/or preservation of entanglement between qubits even in the presence of cavity losses.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/2010/t140/014008

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Two kinds of cooperative effects are discussed for two-level atoms (qubits) interacting with an electromagnetic resonator, both of them concerning Dicke super-radiance. The first is a static, critical phenomenon: the so-called super-radiant phase transition, occurring when a large number of qubits are coupled to a single cavity mode giving rise to a quantum phase transition for a critical value of the interaction strength. The second is a dynamic phenomenon, producing (among other effects) the generation and/or preservation of entanglement between qubits even in the presence of cavity losses.
The dipole-coupled two-level atoms (qubits) in a single-mode resonant cavity are studied by extended bosonic coherent states. The numerical solution is presented. The first-order quantum phase transitions may occur in finite systems, in contrast to the original Dicke model. This system also exhibits a second-order quantum phase transition from the normal to the superradiant phase, as in the original Dicke model. Finite-size scaling for several observables---such as average fidelity susceptibility, order parameter, and concurrence---is performed for different interatomic interactions. The scaling exponents obtained suggest that interatomic interactions do not change the universality class.
The Dicke model describing an ensemble of two-state atoms interacting with a single quantized mode of the electromagnetic field (with omission of the ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{A}}^{2}$ term) exhibits a zero-temperature phase transition at a critical value of the dipole coupling strength. We propose a scheme based on multilevel atoms and cavity-mediated Raman transitions to realize an effective Dicke model operating in the phase transition regime. Optical light from the cavity carries signatures of the critical behavior, which is analyzed for the thermodynamic limit where the number of atoms is very large.
Interactions among emitters provide a powerful means of controlling collective light--matter phenomena, yet their role in superradiant criticality has not been thoroughly investigated. Here we construct a minimal model that can yield analytical insights --- a Dicke model with two interacting atoms coupled to a single mode cavity --- to study such interaction effects. We show that interaction changes the phase boundary, and may even completely suppress the atom-photon coupling threshold for superradiance and change the universality class of the phase transition. We further study the dissipative phase transition and quantum dynamics in the presence of dissipation channels such as photon loss and spin relaxation. Our results demonstrate important roles played by the atom-atom interaction and how it can be engineered to control atom-photon coupling.
The superradiant phase transition represents an important quantum phenomenon that shows collective excitations based on the coupling between atoms and cavity modes. Spin-orbit coupling is another quantum effect which is induced by the interaction of the atomic internal degrees of freedom and center-of-mass momentum. In this work we consider the cavity-assisted dynamical spin-orbit coupling which comes from the combination of these two effects. It can generate a series of interesting quantum phenomena such as the flat spectrum and the discontinuity of the excitation energy spectrum around the critical point of the quantum phase transition. We further discuss the influence of atom decay and nonlinear coupling on the phase diagram. The atom decay suppresses the discontinuity of the phase diagram and the nonlinear coupling can break the symmetric properties of the phase transition. Our work provides a theoretical method to research the rich quantum phenomena in this dynamic many-body system.
We study the coherent cooperative phenomena of the system composed of two interacting atomic ensembles in the thermodynamic limit. Remarkably, the system exhibits the Dicke-like quantum phase transition and entanglement behavior although the governing Hamiltonian is fundamentally different from the spin-boson Dicke Hamiltonian, offering the opportunity for investigating collective matter-light dynamics with pure matter waves. The model can be realized with two Bose-Einstein condensates or atomic ensembles trapped in two optical cavities coupled to each other. The interaction between the two separate samples is induced by virtual photon exchange.