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Quantum and Semiclassical Optics Journal of the European Optical Society Part B

The frequency non-degenerate parametric amplifier as a device to analyse the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox

L Gilles, P Garcia-Fernandez

Published Aug 1, 1995• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper the output quadrature phase correlations of a frequency nondegenerate parametric amplifier characterized by asymmetric losses, analysed in a preceding paper are applied to the discussion of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox. We use the formalism developed by Caves et al to describe the combined field modes and adopt the dual local oscillator homodyning scheme to construct an inferred Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The noise level required to demonstrate the existence of the EPR paradox is calculated and the sensitivity of the EPR inference on the asymmetry of the cavity mirror partial transmittivities and on the detuning in frequency between the two detected output fields is analysed. Such an analysis therefore provides a generalization of previous results reported by Reid and Drummond.

DOI
10.1088/1355-5111/7/4/017

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In this paper the output quadrature phase correlations of a frequency nondegenerate parametric amplifier characterized by asymmetric losses, analysed in a preceding paper are applied to the discussion of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox. We use the formalism developed by Caves et al to describe the combined field modes and adopt the dual local oscillator homodyning scheme to construct an inferred Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The noise level required to demonstrate the existence of the EPR paradox is calculated and the sensitivity of the EPR inference on the asymmetry of the cavity mirror partial transmittivities and on the detuning in frequency between the two detected output fields is analysed. Such an analysis therefore provides a generalization of previous results reported by Reid and Drummond.
We develop the quantum theory of a driven, damped intracavity parametric oscillator in the case of nondegenerate signal and idler modes. An analysis of the results of different types of local-oscillator measurements on the outgoing modes is presented. The frequency-domain squeezing is calculated below threshold including the effect of detunings and nonequal decay rates. We also calculate a nonclassical correlation in the quadrature amplitudes of the output beams. The existence of an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox is demonstrated through violations of the inferred Heisenberg uncertainty principle at causally unrelated locations in the output field. This provides a way of maintaining the commutation relations of the measured operators in the exact form envisaged originally by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen.
For measurements describable by a discrete set of possibilities, numerous demonstrations of the violation of Bell's inequalities have been reported in optical physics based on observations of polarization correlations for photon pairs. By contrast for observables with a continuous spectrum, there appears to be no general inequalities corresponding to those of Bell and no experimental realization of the original Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. Following Reid and Drummond,1 we are attempting to demonstrate the EPR paradox in the context of the measurement of continuous quantum variables with a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator operated in a frequency degenerate but polarization nondegenerate mode. In this case, the EPR paradox is formulated in terms of two sets of quadrature phase amplitudes for the spatially separated signal and idler fields. As the parametric gain is increased toward threshold, the quadrature amplitudes of the signal and idler beams become increasingly faithful quantum copies of one another. Our measurements of quadrature amplitudes are carried out using independent balanced homodyne detectors at two sites. When operated for the detection of squeezing at one site, noise reductions of 4 dB relative to the vacuum state limit are observed, which is most encouraging since noise reductions >3 dB in the difference photocurrent from the two sites are sufficient for inference at a distance of a signal observable from a measurement of the corresponding idler variable.
Over the past three decades, numerous demonstrations of the violation of Bell’s inequalities have been reported in optical experiments based upon observations of polarization correlations for photon pairs. Without exception, these measurements as well as those in other systems have involved discrete variables for which the Bell inequalities are applicable. By contrast, an experiment to demonstrate the original proposal by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR)1 for a system of observables with a continuous spectrum has not previously been realized. From many possible theoretical avenues, we have followed the suggestion of Reid and Drummond2 to achieve a demonstration of the EPR paradox for continuous variables by employing a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO) operated in a frequency-degenerate but polarization-nondegenerate mode.
The optical parametric oscillator is one of the most well-characterized devices in nonlinear optics, with many useful applications, especially as a frequency converter and as a wide-band amplifier. Novel discoveries made with these devices in the quantum domain include demonstrations of large amounts of both single-mode and two-mode squeezing, and, in the two-mode case, significant quantum intensity correlations between the two modes and quadrature correlations, which provided the first experimental demonstration of the original Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox. In this chapter, a systematic theory is developed of quantum fluctuations in the degenerate parametric oscillator. The quantum statistical effects produced by the degenerate parametric amplifier and oscillator have been intensely studied. As we have seen, the amount of transient squeezing produced in an ideal lossless parametric amplifier was calculated using asymptotic methods by Crouch and Braunstein. It was found to scale inversely with the square root of the initial pump photon number. When the system is put into a cavity, and driving and dissipation are introduced, we find that the steady state of a driven degenerate parametric oscillator bifurcates. There is a single steady state at low driving strengths, but, as the driving field increases, a threshold value is reached and the single state splits and forms two stable states. Below the threshold, a linearized analysis of squeezing in the quantum quadratures is possible; while above this threshold, or critical point, the tunneling time between the two states due to quantum fluctuations can be calculated.
This paper presents formulae for Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement generated from N nondegenerate optical parametric amplifiers (NOPAs) interconnected in a linear coherent feedback (CFB) chain in the idealized lossless scenario and infinite bandwidth limit. The lossless scenario sets the ultimate EPR entanglement (two-mode squeezing) that can be achieved by this linear chain of NOPAs while the infinite bandwidth limit simplifies the analysis but gives an accurate approximation to the EPR entanglement at low frequencies of interest. Two adjustable phase shifts are placed at the outputs of the system to achieve the best EPR entanglement by selecting appropriate quadratures of the output fields.