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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

Squeeze tomography of quantum states

Octavio Castaños, Ramón López–Peña, Margarita A. Man’ko, Vladimir I. Man’ko

Published Aug 18, 2004• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new type of tomogram, squeeze tomograms, of quantum states of light, is introduced, which is based on measuring photon statistics after the action of a squeeze operator on the states' density matrix. The introduced tomograms are photon number probability functions depending on two real parameters which are a scaling factor and a rotation angle. The rotation angle and scaling factor label the reference frame in the phase space of field quadratures in which the photon statistics is measured. The expressions of the squeeze tomogram in terms of the Wigner function and density matrix in quadrature representation are obtained. The examples of squeezed states, even and odd coherent states and thermal states are considered in detail. The multimode generalization is discussed.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/37/35/009

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A new type of tomogram, squeeze tomograms, of quantum states of light, is introduced, which is based on measuring photon statistics after the action of a squeeze operator on the states' density matrix. The introduced tomograms are photon number probability functions depending on two real parameters which are a scaling factor and a rotation angle. The rotation angle and scaling factor label the reference frame in the phase space of field quadratures in which the photon statistics is measured. The expressions of the squeeze tomogram in terms of the Wigner function and density matrix in quadrature representation are obtained. The examples of squeezed states, even and odd coherent states and thermal states are considered in detail. The multimode generalization is discussed.
We have used the recently demonstrated method of optical homodyne tomography (OHT) to measure the Wigner quasiprobability distribution (Wigner function) and the density matrix for both a squeezed-vacuum and a vacuum state of a single spatial-temporal mode of the electromagnetic field. This method consists of measuring a set of probability distributions for many different Hilbert-space representations of the field-quadrature amplitude, using balanced homodyne detection, and then using tomography to obtain the Wigner function. Once the Wigner function is obtained, one can acquire the density matrix, including its complex phase. In the case of a pure state, this technique yields an experimentally determined complex wavefunction, as demonstrated here for the vacuum. The density matrix represents a complete quantum mechanical characterization of the state. From the measured density matrix we have obtained the Pegg–Barnett optical phase distribution, and from the Wigner function, the Wigner optical phase distribution.
We present a new formulation of conventional quantum mechanics, in which the notion of a quantum state is identified via a fair probability distribution of the position measured in a reference frame of the phase space with rotated axes. In this formulation, the quantum evolution equation as well as the equation for finding energy levels are expressed as linear equations for the probability distributions that determine the quantum states. We also give the integral transforms relating the probability distribution (called the tomographic-probability distribution or the state tomogram) to the density matrix and the Wigner function and discuss their connection with the Radon transform. Qudit states are considered and the invertible map of the state density operators onto the probability vectors is discussed. The tomographic entropies and entropic uncertainty relations are reviewed. We demonstrate the uncertainty relations for the position and momentum and the entropic uncertainty relations in the tomographic-probability representation, which is suitable for an experimental check of the uncertainty relations.
In this paper we introduce a new squeeze operator which is a combination of the two single photon squeezing operator and two mode correlated operator. We construct the general coherent-state wave function, and study the effects of this operator on the photon number sum and difference. We find in absence of the squeezing parameters λ1 and λ2 both the sum and the difference are conserved by the two mode correlated operator. The squeezing phenomenon is discussed, and the minimum uncertainty state is found for small value of the squeezing parameter λ. Besides the Glauber second order correlation function, the statistical investigations are carried out for the quasi-probability distribution functions (P-representation, Wigner function and Q-function). The discussion related to the phase space distribution function is given, and the matrix elements of the density operator are calculated. The photocount distribution is also considered.
We report measurements of the Wigner distribution and the density matrix of an electromagnetic field mode, for both vacuum and quadrature-squeezed states. As proposed by Vogel and Risken,1 we obtained the Wigner distribution by tomographic inversion of a set of probability distributions of field-quadrature amplitudes measured by using balanced homodyne detection. A Fourier transform of the Wiener function yields the density matrix, which, according to the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics, contains all knowable information about a given quantum system.
Experiments have been performed to determine the Wigner distribution and the density matrix (and for pure states the wave function) of a light mode, by using tomographic inversion of a set of measured probability distributions for quadrature amplitudes.From these measurements the quantum distributions of optical phase and photon number have been obtained.The measurements of quadrature-amplitude distributions for a temporal mode of the electromagnetic field are carried out using balanced homodyne detection.We refer to this new method as optical homodyne tomography.Given the measured density matrix, one can experimentally infer any of the various quantum distributions of optical phase, in particular the Pegg-Barnett (or, equivalently, Shapiro-Shepard) phase distribution, the marginal Wigner distribution, and the Vogel-Schleich operational phase distribntion.We have used this approach to make measurements of the number-plase uncertainty relation for coherent-state fields.The coherent states do not attain the minimum value for the number-phase uncertainty product, as set by the expectation value of the commutator of the number and phase operators; this is true theoretically and experimentally.