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Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Mirrorless lasing action via nonlinear interaction between photons and bosons

Fa Ou, Bao‐Hua Wei, K. W. Yu, Cuihong Liu

Published Apr 22, 1996• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study the lasing action due to nonlinear interactions of photons with boson elementary excitation, such as phonons and excitons, and point out the distinct features from the conventional laser model described by the two-level model. External feedback by means of cavity mirrors is unnecessary for the lasing action as well as for the increasing absorption optical bistability. It is shown that the Landau theory of the second-order phase transition is applicable to the threshold behaviour of the present mirrorless laser model.

DOI
10.1088/0953-8984/8/17/008

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We study the lasing action due to nonlinear interactions of photons with boson elementary excitation, such as phonons and excitons, and point out the distinct features from the conventional laser model described by the two-level model. External feedback by means of cavity mirrors is unnecessary for the lasing action as well as for the increasing absorption optical bistability. It is shown that the Landau theory of the second-order phase transition is applicable to the threshold behaviour of the present mirrorless laser model.
The dynamics of the laser model based on the nonlinear coupling of light-field with boson elementary excitation is improved. A rate equation of pumping system directly coupled with the boson matter is added to the original equations. The system as a whole, therefore, becomes a perfect self-organized one, but the character of mirrorless unchanges, which is a character essentially different from conventional lasers, and the laser threshold behavior of second-order-like transition also remains. There is some resemblance between the new revised laser model and Maxwell–Bloch two-level-atom laser model.
A theoretical study is made of the threshold conditions for the observation of optical bistability and stimulated emission of zero-phonon lines of crystals containing impurities. A reduction in the electron–photon interaction constant ensures that nonlinear absorption due to a purely electronic transition is attained in a lower saturating field and the lasing threshold rises exponentially as the reciprocal of the Debye–Waller factor. It is shown that there are critical temperatures for the appearance of these effects. Experimental studies of the threshold conditions for lasing and optical bistability make it possible to determine directly the Debye–Waller factor at different temperatures of a crystal.
It is shown theoretically that optical bistability will exist in a material whose optical absorption is more than linearly proportional to the degree to which the material is excited. No cavity or external feedback is required. The underlying principle of this bistability appears to be a generalization of several previous independent discussions of mirrorless bistabilities in specific physical systems. This bistability and associated differential gain are demonstrated experimentally using a thermal nonlinearity in a GaAs/GaAlAs multiple-quantum-well semiconductor. Theory and experiment show good agreement.
An exciton-phonon mechanism for producing cavityless optical bistability is suggested. We consider the influence of the oscillating subsystem of a crystal on the absorption process of a laser wave in the region of exciton frequencies. It is shown that exciton-phonon interaction leads to nonlinear dependence of the absorption coefficient on the density of the exciton gas. The increase of absorption with increasing exciton density, however, is possible only in the frequency region on the long-wavelength tail of the exiton band. As a result, the exciton density of the crystal becomes a hysteresis function of external parameters (intensity of the incident wave, temperature, etc.). We calculate the absorption coefficient of excitons and define the frequency and temperature regions where optical bistability may exist. We analyze different relaxation mechanisms of excitons and explain the experimental results of observing optical bistability in different semiconductor crystals.
We demonstrate the capability of complete thresholdless lasing operation between dressed states of a two-level atom located inside a microscopic cavity engineered in a photonic band-gap material. We distinguish between threshold and thresholdless behaviors by analyzing Mandel's QQQ parameter for the cavity field. We find that the threshold behavior depends on whether the spontaneous emission is or is not present on the lasing transition. In the presence of the spontaneous emission, the mean photon number of the cavity field exhibits threshold behavior, indicating that the system may operate as an ordinary laser. When the spontaneous emission is eliminated on the lasing transition, no threshold is observed for all values of the pumping rate, indicating the system becomes a thresholdless laser. Moreover, we find that, under a thresholdless operation, the mean photon number can increase nonlinearly with the pumping rate, and this process is accompanied by a sub-Poissonian statistics of the field. This suggests that the nonclassical statistics can be used to distinguish a nonlinear operation of the dressed-atom laser.
Multi-photon lasing has been realized in systems with strong nonlinear interactions between emitters and cavity modes, where single-photon processes are suppressed. Coherence between the internal states of a quantum emitter, or among multiple emitters, plays a key role. Such continuous nonclassical sources of light can find applications in quantum computation, quantum sensing, quantum metrology, and quantum communication. This thesis explores the multi-photon lasing phenomena in various quantum dot-photonic crystal cavity quantum electrodynamic (QED) setups. Exciton-phonon interactions are inevitable in such systems and are incorporated using the polaron-transformed master equation. The Born-Markov approximation is employed to obtain the reduced density matrix rate equation. Using quantum laser theory, we derived the Scully-Lamb laser rate equations and evaluated the single- and multi-photon excess emission rates defined as the difference between emission and absorption rates into the cavity mode without mean-field approximations. We investigated cooperative two-photon lasing, correlated emission lasing, hyperradiant lasing, non-degenerate two-mode two-photon lasing, and continuous variable entanglement in open quantum systems with single or multiple semiconductor quantum dots (two-level, three-level, and four-level) driven coherently/incoherently and coupled to single/ bimodal cavities.