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Optics Express

Bright, single-spatial-mode source of frequency non-degenerate, polarization-entangled photon pairs using periodically poled KTP

Matthew A. Pelton, Philip A. Marsden, Daniel Ljunggren, Maria Tengner, Anders Karlsson, Anna Fragemann, Carlota Canalias, Fredrik Laurell

Published Jan 1, 2004• 76 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We use two perpendicular crystals of periodically-poled KTP to directly generate polarization-entangled photon pairs, the majority of which are emitted into a single Gaussian spatial mode. The signal and idler photons have wavelengths of 810 nm and 1550 nm, respectively, and the photon-pair generation rate is 1.2x107 sec-1 for a pump power of 62 mW. The apparatus is compact, flexible, and easily to use.

DOI
10.1364/opex.12.003573

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We extend our earlier results of a bright source of non‐degenerate polarization entangled photon‐pairs by making a thorough theoretical and experimental investigation of its single‐mode emission and state‐decoherence. Using two perpendicular bulk crystals of periodically poled KTP, the source directly creates the polarization‐entangled state (|HH〉 + |VV〉)/√ with signal and idler wavelengths of 810 nm and 1550 nm, respectively. In order to optimize the coupling into single‐mode fiber we have developed a numerical algorithm which determines the emission mode and the fiber coupling efficiency for a given crystal length and focussing of the pump. For a 4.5 mm long crystal the optimal focussing of the pump is to a beam waist radius of 14 μm. With these focussing conditions the computer calculations give the lowest M2 value for the emission mode, M2 ≈ 3, and the best possible fiber coupling efficiency, γ ≈ 75%. Using the theoretical results to optimize our experimental setup we obtained photon count rates of 1.4 MHz singles and 12 kHz coincidences, and visibilities H, V: 99.6% and 45°: 94.2%.
We present results of a bright polarization-entangled photon source operating at 1552 nm via type-II collinear degenerate spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate crystal. We report a conservative inferred pair generation rate of 123,000 pairs/s/mW into collection modes. Minimization of spectral and spatial entanglement was achieved by group velocity matching the pump, signal, and idler modes and through properly focusing the pump beam. By utilizing a pair of calcite beam displacers, we are able to overlap photons from adjacent down-conversion processes to obtain polarization-entanglement visibility of 94.7+/-1.1% with accidentals subtracted.
We demonstrate a broadband entangled photon source based on a single-pass, type-0 phase-matched, non-collinear spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process. By spatially multiplexing the intrinsically random transverse momentum states of biphotons emitted in an annular spatial distribution from a single-frequency-pumped, 2-mm-long periodically poled KTP crystal, we generate polarization-entangled pair photons with a spectral bandwidth of ∼130 nm centered at 810 nm. The negligible group-velocity mismatch of the co-polarized near-degenerate photons in single-pass and low birefringence of standard optical components preserves indistinguishability across the broadband emission without phase compensation, enabling high-quality polarization entanglement over the entire emission bandwidth. The source achieves a brightness of 0.57 Mpairs/s/mW and a two-photon coherence length of 6.97 μm, while exhibiting an interference visibility exceeding 95%, a Bell–CHSH parameter of 2.526 ± 0.005 that remains stable over 12 h of continuous operation and violates the Bell inequality by more than 100 standard deviations, and a state fidelity of 96.3%. The generic scheme providing the broadest bandwidth entangled biphotons at 810 nm, to our knowledge, can readily be used for other wavelengths as required for multiparty quantum networks and quantum sensing applications.
We demonstrate a broadband entangled photon source based on a single-pass, type-0 phase-matched, non-collinear spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process. By spatially multiplexing the intrinsically random transverse momentum states of biphotons emitted in an annular spatial distribution from a single-frequency-pumped, 2-mm-long periodically poled KTP crystal, we generate polarization-entangled pair photons with a spectral bandwidth of ∼130 nm centered at 810 nm. The negligible group-velocity mismatch of the co-polarized near-degenerate photons in single-pass and low birefringence of standard optical components preserves indistinguishability across the broadband emission without phase compensation, enabling high-quality polarization entanglement over the entire emission bandwidth. The source achieves a brightness of 0.57 Mpairs/s/mW and a two-photon coherence length of 6.97 μm, while exhibiting an interference visibility exceeding 95%, a Bell–CHSH parameter of 2.526 ± 0.005 that remains stable over 12 h of continuous operation and violates the Bell inequality by more than 100 standard deviations, and a state fidelity of 96.3%. The generic scheme providing the broadest bandwidth entangled biphotons at 810 nm, to our knowledge, can readily be used for other wavelengths as required for multiparty quantum networks and quantum sensing applications.
We demonstrate a compact, robust, and highly efficient source of polarization-entangled photons, based on linear bi-directional down-conversion in a novel ‘folded sandwich’ configuration. Bi-directionally pumping a single periodically poled KTiOPO4 (ppKTP) crystal with a 405-nm laser diode, we generate entangled photon pairs at the non-degenerate wavelengths 784 nm (signal) and 839 nm (idler), and achieve an unprecedented detection rate of 11.8 kcps for 10.4 μW of pump power (1.1 million pairs / mW), in a 2.9-nm bandwidth, while maintaining a very high two-photon entanglement quality, with a Bell-state fidelity of 99.3 ± 0.3%.