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Progress of Theoretical Physics

A Geometrical Characteristic of the Mixing Effect Induced by Non-Abelian Berry's Phase

Hiroshi Asakura

Published Mar 1, 1999• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A geometrical characteristic of the mixing effect induced by the non-Abelian Berry's phase appearing in a nuclear quadrupole system (I = 3/2) rotating about two axes is examined by using the rotating frame formulation. We show that the geometry-dependent parts of the mixing effect appear in the magnitude of the probability amplitude of the spin states and the rate of non-trivial mixing among these states after one period of motion of the system. These values depend only on the geometrical parameters which determine the trajectory traced by the principal-axis defined as the direction of the symmetry axis of the quadrupolar interaction.

DOI
10.1143/ptp.101.473

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Physical Review A•Nov 1, 1990•2 citations
A geometrical characteristic of the mixing effect induced by the non-Abelian Berry's phase appearing in a nuclear quadrupole system (I = 3/2) rotating about two axes is examined by using the rotating frame formulation. We show that the geometry-dependent parts of the mixing effect appear in the magnitude of the probability amplitude of the spin states and the rate of non-trivial mixing among these states after one period of motion of the system. These values depend only on the geometrical parameters which determine the trajectory traced by the principal-axis defined as the direction of the symmetry axis of the quadrupolar interaction.
The 35Cl^{35}\mathrm{Cl}35Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance spectrum of a single crystal of sodium chlorate [R. Tycko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2281 (1987)] rotating about two axes reflects a non-Abelian gauge potential. This gauge potential is an example of Wilczek and Zee's [Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2111 (1984)] generalization of Berry's phase to the adiabatic transport of degenerate states.
The concept of geometric phase is demonstrated in a nuclear gyroscope using 131Xe^{131}\mathrm{Xe}131Xe nuclear spins (I=3/2) as sensors for quantum-phase accumulation. By spatial rotation sub-Hertz splittings due to geometric phases are resolved in nuclear-quadrupole spectra. Deviations from Berry's adiabatic geometric phase appear in the regime of nonadiabatic rotation. The observed frequency splittings are no longer linear in the rotational frequency, as expected from adiabatic rotations, and all possible transitions, namely, six in this partially degenerate spin-3/3 system, are observed experimentally.
According to Berry, quantum states of a hamiltonian which varies adiabatically through a circuit C in parameter space may acquire geometrical phase factors exp (iγ(C)) in addition to the normal dynamical phase factors exp ((-i/ħ) ∝ E(t) dt). We present N.M.R. experiments in the rotating frame which bear out these predictions for simple conical circuits, and point out that they are related to familiar behaviour based on the classical Bloch equations and on Haeberlen-Waugh coherent averaging theory. Extensions to coupled spins and electric quadrupolar effects are discussed.
The full effect of adiabatically varying Hamiltonians on systems prepared in eigenstates of the stationary Hamiltonian often includes geometric Berry's phases. For degenerate systems these effects may result in transitions between distinct degenerate eigenstates that can be described in terms of a non-Abelian gauge potential. I demonstrate the explicit dynamic origin of such transitions between degenerate angular-momentum sublevels in an atom that is subject to collinear electric and magnetic fields that rotate adiabatically. The origin of the effects becomes clear when eigenstates of the total Hamiltonian, which includes the rotating fields, are calculated. The total Hamiltonian removes the degeneracy, and the eigenstates are in some cases linear combinations of the angular-momentum sublevels. Thus a system prepared in a specific sublevel may not remain in that sublevel, and the transition probability is exactly that given by an analysis of the geometric phase.