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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Two-wave mixing of orthogonally polarized waves via anisotropic dynamic gratings in erbium-doped optical fiber

Serguei I. Stepanov, Eliseo Hernández, Marcos Plata Sánchez

Published Jun 1, 2005• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on observations of transient two-wave mixing (TWM) of orthogonally polarized waves counterpropagating through an Er-doped single-mode optical fiber. Experiments were performed in a 2-m-long moderately birefringent (with beat length approximately 2 cm) Er-doped fiber without optical pumping at the laser wavelength 1549 nm. The transient TWM signal observed for crossed linear polarizations of the recording waves oriented along two orthogonal birefringence axes of the fiber (i.e., for the interference pattern with spatially modulated state of light polarization only) proved to be approximately half of that observed for parallel polarizations. Direct measurements of the transient polarization hole-burning effect (i.e., that observed for fast switching of the input light linear polarization between two orthogonal orientations of the doped fiber birefringence axes) allow us to attribute formation of the corresponding anisotropic dynamic grating to this effect.

DOI
10.1364/josab.22.001161

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"Experimental results on formation dynamics of population gratings in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) investigated via two-wave mixing (TWM) are reported. It is shown that at all three utilized essentially different recording wavelengths 1492, 1526 and 1568nm the transient TWM response in EDF with low erbium concentration (¼ 640 ppm) has the characteristic rate significantly larger than that of the population of the Er3+ meta-stable level evaluated from the fluorescence dynamics. Additionally in EDF with high erbium concentration (¼ 5600 ppm) the TWM response is faster (even at low recording power) and the relative TWM amplitude is lower than that in EDF with low concentration. General increase of the TWM response rate is explained by contribution of a transient decrease of the fiber average absorption level, while above-mentioned differences observed in heavily doped EDF - by spatial migration of the excited states. The spectral dependence of the later effect is attributed to the difference in the absorption/emission cross-section ratio of the Er3+ ions at the utilized wavelengths."

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In this paper we analyze the influence of a spatial migration of the excited states on suppression of the population gratings recorded in erbium-doped optical fibers (EDF). Such dynamic Bragg gratings are formed via saturation of the optical transition between the fundamental and the meta-stable states of the active ions and are observed experimentally via transient two wave mixing (TWM) of the phase-modulated counter-propagating recording waves. The reported experiments were performed in the spectral range 1492-1568nm, which covers the absorption region of the fundamental transition 4I15/2→4I13/2 of Er3+ ions. Significantly stronger grating suppression is observed at the central/long-wavelength regions of the above-mentioned spectral region. A set of similar fibers with essentially different Er3+ ions concentrations with maximum attenuation of 4, 9, 17 and 35 ± 1 dB/m at 1531 nm was investigated and a clear concentration dependence of the grating suppression was observed. The TWM measurements are supported by the original experimental data on the fluorescence depolarization. The observed spectral dependence of the grating reduction factor is explained using the model of the vacant states limited spatial migration of the excitation among the Er3+ ions.

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Slow and fast light via two-wave mixing in erbium-doped fibers with saturable absorption

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We report experimental observation of slow or fast light in configuration of counterpropagating saturating and probe waves in erbium-doped fibers with saturable absorption. The delayed or accelerated probe light propagation is shown to be associated with two-wave mixing (TWM) between these two waves via dynamic population grating. As compared with recording at 1526 nm from the central region of ${\text{Er}}^{3+}$ fundamental absorption spectrum, at 1485 nm, the population grating has significant admixture of the refractive index component. This results in a significant asymmetry of the TWM-induced transmittance of the probe wave as a function of the frequency offset $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ between the waves and shifts position of the maximum group delay from zero $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\Omega}$. The same reason ensures appearance of a significant group advancement for the frequency offset of the opposite sign.

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Spectral dependence of two-wave mixing efficiency in saturable erbium-doped fibers

Serguei I. Stepanov, Marcos Plata Sánchez, Eliseo Hernández

Detailed experimental data on the efficiency of two-wave mixing via population dynamic grating in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) with saturable optical absorption are presented. The measurements were performed for spectral region 1490–1560 nm of the EDF absorption/gain spectrum, both for absorption and for phase (refractive index) components of the dynamic grating. The reported data confirm the earlier results published for some particular recording wavelengths. In particular, the amplitude gratings recorded in EDF in the central part of this region (1520–1560 nm) are significantly less efficient (by more than 1 order of magnitude) than it can be estimated from measurements of a spatially uniform fiber absorption saturation. It is shown, however, that this effect cannot be explained by spatial migration of the Er3+ excited state. At the short-wavelength spectrum side around 1490 nm, the disagreement between the experimentally observed and the evaluated grating amplitude is minimum (∼0.3) and can, probably, be attributed to the polarization mismatch in the counterpropagating recording waves.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Sep 8, 2017•7 citations
We report on observations of transient two-wave mixing (TWM) of orthogonally polarized waves counterpropagating through an Er-doped single-mode optical fiber. Experiments were performed in a 2-m-long moderately birefringent (with beat length approximately 2 cm) Er-doped fiber without optical pumping at the laser wavelength 1549 nm. The transient TWM signal observed for crossed linear polarizations of the recording waves oriented along two orthogonal birefringence axes of the fiber (i.e., for the interference pattern with spatially modulated state of light polarization only) proved to be approximately half of that observed for parallel polarizations. Direct measurements of the transient polarization hole-burning effect (i.e., that observed for fast switching of the input light linear polarization between two orthogonal orientations of the doped fiber birefringence axes) allow us to attribute formation of the corresponding anisotropic dynamic grating to this effect.
We present experimental results of two-wave mixing in single-mode Er-doped optical fibers for which dynamic Bragg reflectance gratings are formed as a result of saturation of fiber-optic absorption (i.e., by means of the effect of spatial hole burning). The gratings are probed by the same recording waves at lambda approximately = 1549 nm and are detected as periodic changes of the intensity of light reflected from a Sagnac interferometer (with a piece of the doped fiber included) observed when periodic phase modulation is induced in one of the waves. Both rectangular and sinusoidal modulation were used, which permitted evaluation of the grating recording time (tau(g) approximately = 3 ms for OFS-Fitel EDF-HG980 fiber) and the grating amplitude, which proved to be approximately 6-7 times lower than expected from measurements of saturation of fiber-optic absorption by one wave only.
Abstract Experimental results on effective two-wave mixing (TWM) via dynamic population gratings in saturable erbium doped fibers (EDFs) at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) are reported. It is shown that formation of the spectral holes (SHs) by the recording coherent waves in the wavelength region 1500–1540 nm results in a complex dynamics of the transient TWM response. In addition to conventional slow, even-type response due to amplitude grating formation via spectrally uniform EDF absorption saturation we also observed a dominating contribution due to SH formation. In particular, at the recording wavelength 1527 nm the relaxation time of the SH contribution to the TWM process was significantly shorter (< 4.7 ms) and with the effective recording power ∼4 times lower than that for conventional EDF population grating.
"Experimental results on formation dynamics of population gratings in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) investigated via two-wave mixing (TWM) are reported. It is shown that at all three utilized essentially different recording wavelengths 1492, 1526 and 1568nm the transient TWM response in EDF with low erbium concentration (¼ 640 ppm) has the characteristic rate significantly larger than that of the population of the Er3+ meta-stable level evaluated from the fluorescence dynamics. Additionally in EDF with high erbium concentration (¼ 5600 ppm) the TWM response is faster (even at low recording power) and the relative TWM amplitude is lower than that in EDF with low concentration. General increase of the TWM response rate is explained by contribution of a transient decrease of the fiber average absorption level, while above-mentioned differences observed in heavily doped EDF - by spatial migration of the excited states. The spectral dependence of the later effect is attributed to the difference in the absorption/emission cross-section ratio of the Er3+ ions at the utilized wavelengths."
In this paper we analyze the influence of a spatial migration of the excited states on suppression of the population gratings recorded in erbium-doped optical fibers (EDF). Such dynamic Bragg gratings are formed via saturation of the optical transition between the fundamental and the meta-stable states of the active ions and are observed experimentally via transient two wave mixing (TWM) of the phase-modulated counter-propagating recording waves. The reported experiments were performed in the spectral range 1492-1568nm, which covers the absorption region of the fundamental transition 4I15/2→4I13/2 of Er3+ ions. Significantly stronger grating suppression is observed at the central/long-wavelength regions of the above-mentioned spectral region. A set of similar fibers with essentially different Er3+ ions concentrations with maximum attenuation of 4, 9, 17 and 35 ± 1 dB/m at 1531 nm was investigated and a clear concentration dependence of the grating suppression was observed. The TWM measurements are supported by the original experimental data on the fluorescence depolarization. The observed spectral dependence of the grating reduction factor is explained using the model of the vacant states limited spatial migration of the excitation among the Er3+ ions.
We report experimental observation of slow or fast light in configuration of counterpropagating saturating and probe waves in erbium-doped fibers with saturable absorption. The delayed or accelerated probe light propagation is shown to be associated with two-wave mixing (TWM) between these two waves via dynamic population grating. As compared with recording at 1526 nm from the central region of Er3+{\text{Er}}^{3+}Er3+ fundamental absorption spectrum, at 1485 nm, the population grating has significant admixture of the refractive index component. This results in a significant asymmetry of the TWM-induced transmittance of the probe wave as a function of the frequency offset $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ between the waves and shifts position of the maximum group delay from zero $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\Omega}$. The same reason ensures appearance of a significant group advancement for the frequency offset of the opposite sign.
Detailed experimental data on the efficiency of two-wave mixing via population dynamic grating in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) with saturable optical absorption are presented. The measurements were performed for spectral region 1490–1560 nm of the EDF absorption/gain spectrum, both for absorption and for phase (refractive index) components of the dynamic grating. The reported data confirm the earlier results published for some particular recording wavelengths. In particular, the amplitude gratings recorded in EDF in the central part of this region (1520–1560 nm) are significantly less efficient (by more than 1 order of magnitude) than it can be estimated from measurements of a spatially uniform fiber absorption saturation. It is shown, however, that this effect cannot be explained by spatial migration of the Er3+ excited state. At the short-wavelength spectrum side around 1490 nm, the disagreement between the experimentally observed and the evaluated grating amplitude is minimum (∼0.3) and can, probably, be attributed to the polarization mismatch in the counterpropagating recording waves.