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Soviet Physics Uspekhi

Trapped atomic particles in action

Konstantin N. Drabovich

Published Jul 31, 1989• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A review of recent papers on research on trapped ions cooled by laser radiation is given. Experiments are described on observing quantum jumps in atoms and on investigating antibunching and sub-Poisson statistics of photons of fluorescence radiation from single atoms. Experiments on phase transitions in a system of cold ions are discussed.

DOI
10.1070/pu1989v032n07abeh002736

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A review of recent papers on research on trapped ions cooled by laser radiation is given. Experiments are described on observing quantum jumps in atoms and on investigating antibunching and sub-Poisson statistics of photons of fluorescence radiation from single atoms. Experiments on phase transitions in a system of cold ions are discussed.
Quantum mechanical effects which are manifested in measurements on trapped atomic ions are reviewed. Observation of these effects is facilitated by the long storage times of a fixed number of laser-cooled ions and by high detection sensitivities, primarily through the observation of scattered laser light. We discuss the observation of quantum jumps and the application of quantum jumps to measurement of atomic ion lifetimes and spectra, detection of antibunching of light, the quantum Zeno effect and quantum projection noise. Experiments which detect nonclassical features of fluorescent light from single or a few trapped ions are briefly reviewed. Finally, we discuss experiments which reveal quantum effects in the motion of trapped ions. We briefly describe possible future extensions for each of these topics.
Two experiments with single atoms are reviewed. In the first experiment, the interaction of a single Rydberg atom with a single mode of an electromagnetic field was investigated. The quantum collapse and revivals of the atomic inversion predicted by the Jaynes-Cummings model were demonstrated for the first time. In the second experiment, a single atomic ion stored in a radio-frequency trap was probed by resonance fluorescence. In the fluorescent light, antibunching and sub-Poissonian photon statistics were detected. Furthermore, 'crystallization' and 'evaporation' of few ions in a trap were observed as the stored ions were cooled by the laser light and heated by the radio-frequency field of the trap.>
Ion traps allow us to study single quantum systems, cooled to the lowest vibrational state of motion within confining electric and magnetic fields. In this article, we describe the working principles of ion traps and the methods used to cool the ions (principally laser cooling). We then discuss how these cold ions, held almost at rest in the trap, can be used to illuminate fundamental issues of quantum mechanics: quantum jumps, the quantum Zeno effect and the quantum statistics of photons scattered by the ions. Finally, we describe how several ions loaded in a trap are cooled into ordered quasi crystals.
Trapped and laser-cooled ions are increasingly used for a variety of modern high-precision experiments, for frequency standard applications, and for quantum information processing. Therefore laser cooling of trapped ions is reviewed, the current state of the art is reported, and several new cooling techniques are outlined. The principles of ion trapping and the basic concepts of laser cooling for trapped atoms are introduced. The underlying physical mechanisms are presented, and basic experiments are briefly sketched. Particular attention is paid to recent progress by elucidating several milestone experiments. In addition, a number of special cooling techniques pertaining to trapped ions are reviewed; open questions and future research lines are indicated.
We have used stored ion methods to improve resolution and sensitivity in optical spectroscopy. Single atomic ions have been confined by electric and magnetic fields, cooled by laser radiation pressure to temperatures on the order of 1 mK, and probed spectroscopically with narrowband lasers. The absorption resonance of a single Hg + ion has been observed by a decrease in the transmitted light intensity. An ultraviolet transition in Hg + has been observed with a linewidth of only 30 kHz. Quantum jumps to and from metastable levels of Hg + have been observed and used to determine radiative decay rates and to infer the existence of photon antibunching. Quantum jumps have also been observed in single Mg + ions.