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Physical Review A

Coherent states and holomorphic representations for multilevel atoms

Chang-qi Cao, Fritz Haake

Published May 1, 1995• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The notion of atomic coherent states is extended to the multilevel case. Since the representation based on coherent states is convenient in treating collective interactions of atoms with photons, and since many optical processes involve atoms of three or more levels, it is expected that this extension will play a role in the theory of such processes as cascade superfluorescence and superradiant lasing. Like their bosonic counterparts, atomic coherent states may be used to define a holomorphic representation for atomic states and operators. We discuss this in detail and give examples to illustrate applications.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.51.4203

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The notion of atomic coherent states is extended to the multilevel case. Since the representation based on coherent states is convenient in treating collective interactions of atoms with photons, and since many optical processes involve atoms of three or more levels, it is expected that this extension will play a role in the theory of such processes as cascade superfluorescence and superradiant lasing. Like their bosonic counterparts, atomic coherent states may be used to define a holomorphic representation for atomic states and operators. We discuss this in detail and give examples to illustrate applications.
For the description of an assembly of two-level atoms, atomic coherent states can be defined which have properties analogous to those of the field coherent states. The analogy is not fortuitous, but is shown to be related to the group contraction of exponential operators based on the angular momentum algebra to exponential operators based on the harmonic-oscillator algebra. The derivation of the properties of the atomic coherent states is made easier by the use of a powerful disentangling theorem for exponential angular momentum operators. A complete labeling of the atomic states is developed and many of their properties are studied. In particular it is shown that the atomic coherent states are the quantum analogs of classical dipoles, and that they can be produced by classical fields.
Atomic systems with three or more equidistant energy levels, in which a cascade process is possible, are considered. Hamiltonians obtained for such systems are analogous to Heisenberg Hamiltonians, but for systems with integral spins. For Dicke states in multilevel systems, quantum-mechanical mean values of the energy of a cooperative system are calculated taking into account weak interactions between atoms. The type of emission preceding superradiant avalanche emission of the system is analyzed. It can be expected that a coherent state may be formed, in which collective processes affect one another not only via population of the intermediate common layer, but also via phasing of pure quantum states. The single superfluorescence pulse that can be formed in this case is not a simple superposition of two or more pulses of sequential superradiant transitions in two-level systems.
A collective description of density matrix is presented for identical multi-level atoms, which are either excited initially, driven coherently or pumped incoherently. The density matrix is defined as expectation value of projection or transition operators in a basis of atom's product states. The identical matrix elements are identified with several integers, which specify uniquely the involved operators. To remove the redundancy, these identical elements are treated as single quantity and the equation for this quantity is dervied by mapping the transition or projection operators to a single vector specified with these integers. As a result, the number of computed elements increases polynomially rather than exponentially with the number of atoms. As an example, we carry out exact simulation of hundreds of two-level atoms and demonstrate the different conditions for observing superradiance and superfluorescence.