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AIP conference proceedings

Entanglement Swapping Demonstration in the Telecom Band Using Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs

Yinghong Xue, Akio Yoshizawa, Hidemi Tsuchida, Timothy C. Ralph, Ping Koy Lam

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Entanglement swapping at 1550 nm was experimentally demonstrated based on two polarization‐entangled photon pairs, which were created in two independent PPLN waveguides. Mandel dip was measured by using fourfold coincidences to yield a visibility of 71.8% and verify quantum interference between photons from two separated sources. By making Bell‐state measurement, the two initially independent photons were projected into an entanglement state. An interference visibility of 37.5% was observed for these two photons indicating the entanglement state was successfully swapped by using polarization‐entangled photon pairs in the telecom band.

DOI
10.1063/1.3630199

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Entanglement swapping at 1550 nm was experimentally demonstrated based on two polarization‐entangled photon pairs, which were created in two independent PPLN waveguides. Mandel dip was measured by using fourfold coincidences to yield a visibility of 71.8% and verify quantum interference between photons from two separated sources. By making Bell‐state measurement, the two initially independent photons were projected into an entanglement state. An interference visibility of 37.5% was observed for these two photons indicating the entanglement state was successfully swapped by using polarization‐entangled photon pairs in the telecom band.
We report the first entanglement swapping experiment using entangled photon-pair sources based on spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). The 1.5-microm band entangled photon pairs generated by SFWM in two independent 500-m dispersion shifted fibers exhibited quantum interference, thanks to the negligible walk-off between the pump and photon pairs. The use of 500-MHz gated-mode InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes based on the sine-wave gating technique increased the fourfold coincidence rate. As a result, the formation of an entanglement between photons from independent sources was successfully observed.
Entanglement swapping at telecom wavelengths is at the heart of quantum networking in optical fiber infrastructures. Although entanglement swapping has been demonstrated experimentally so far using various types of entangled photon sources both in near-infrared and telecom wavelength regions, the rate of swapping operation has been too low to be applied to practical quantum protocols, due to limited efficiency of entangled photon sources and photon detectors. Here we demonstrate drastic improvement of the efficiency at telecom wavelength by using two ultra-bright entangled photon sources and four highly efficient superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. We have attained a four-fold coincidence count rate of 108 counts per second, which is three orders higher than the previous experiments at telecom wavelengths. A raw (net) visibility in a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between the two independent entangled sources was 73.3 ± 1.0% (85.1 ± 0.8%). We performed the teleportation and entanglement swapping, and obtained a fidelity of 76.3% in the swapping test. Our results on the coincidence count rates are comparable with the ones ever recorded in teleportation/swapping and multi-photon entanglement generation experiments at around 800 nm wavelengths. Our setup opens the way to practical implementation of device-independent quantum key distribution and its distance extension by the entanglement swapping as well as multi-photon entangled state generation in telecom band infrastructures with both space and fiber links.
We experimentally demonstrated polarization-based entanglement swapping using spatially separated periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides that emit polarization-entangled photon pairs by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). Entanglement swapping using such SPDC sources was theoretically analyzed by accounting for losses along photon propagation paths, accidental fourfold coincidence counts (FCC's), and the dead time in single-photon detection. In a partial Bell-state measurement, entanglement was observed between two photons that were initially uncorrelated and that did not directly interact with each other. The obtained fidelity was $52.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8%$. Accidental FCC's were measured to clarify the effect of simultaneous generation of three pairs in SPDC on the fidelity. The fidelity increased to $80.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.9%$ when accidental coincidence counts were subtracted.
We report the first entanglement swapping experiment using entangled photon-pair sources based on spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). The 1.5-μm band entangled photon pairs generated by SFWM in two independent 500-m dispersion shifted fibers exhibited quantum interference, thanks to the negligible walk-off between the pump and photon pairs. The use of 500-MHz gated-mode InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes based on the sine-wave gating technique increased the fourfold coincidence rate significantly. As a result, the formation of an entanglement between photons from independent sources was successfully observed.
We have demonstrated entanglement swapping with 1550 nm polarization-entangled photon pairs created by spontaneous parametric down conversion in two spatially separated type-II periodically poled lithium niobate bulk crystals. In a partial Bell-state measurement, entanglement was observed between two photons from separate sources. We employed sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes operated at a repetition frequency of 1.28 GHz, which increased the four-fold coincidence count rate without degrading the fidelity of entanglement swapping. The obtained fidelity exceeds 90%, which indicates that the entangled states obtained in this experiment are high enough for immediate further use in quantum communication protocols such as quantum teleportation or quantum cryptography.