Physical Review A

Infrared Stark spectroscopy of sodium Rydberg states

Theodore W. Ducas, Myron L. Zimmerman

Published Apr 1, 1977• 15 citations

Abstract

We have performed infrared spectroscopy on sodium Rydberg levels in an atomic beam. A C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser was used to provide narrow linewidths and absolute frequency markers. New results have been obtained for the term energy and for the fine-structure splitting of the $17p$ level.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.15.1523

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Stark-effect study of excited states in sodium using two-photon spectroscopy

Roberta Hawkins, W. T. Hill, Frank V. Kowalski +2 more

Physical Review AMar 1, 197731 citations

Investigation of RydbergDstates of sodium by quantum beat spectroscopy using pulsed dye lasers

S. Haroche

The method of quantum beats was used in an investigation of the Rydberg D states of the Na atom. Measurements were made of the fine structure constant and of the Stark effect in weak fields.

Soviet Journal of Quantum ElectronicsApr 30, 19760 citations

Precision Stark spectroscopy of the fine structure of the microwave transition 37P-37S in sodium Rydberg atoms

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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics LettersDec 1, 19984 citations

Rydberg sodium atoms in a strong microwave field

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Stark structure in Rydberg states of xenon

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Doppler-free Stark spectroscopy of the second excited level of atomic hydrogen for measurements of electric fields

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Physical Review AJan 11, 200715 citations

Physical Review A

Infrared Stark spectroscopy of sodium Rydberg states

Theodore W. Ducas, Myron L. Zimmerman

Published Apr 1, 1977• 15 citations

Publisher

Abstract

We have performed infrared spectroscopy on sodium Rydberg levels in an atomic beam. A C

{\mathrm{O}}_{2}

laser was used to provide narrow linewidths and absolute frequency markers. New results have been obtained for the term energy and for the fine-structure splitting of the

17p

level.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.15.1523

Related papers

Stark-effect study of excited states in sodium using two-photon spectroscopy

Roberta Hawkins, W. T. Hill, Frank V. Kowalski +2 more

We have used two-photon absorption from counterpropagating laser beams of different frequencies to measure Stark shifts and splittings of the $6^{2}S$ , $7^{2}S$ , $8^{2}S$ , $5^{2}D$ , and $6^{2}D$ states in sodium. Beams from a fixed-frequency, single-mode ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ laser and a tunable, single-frequency cw dye laser were focussed into a coarse sodium atomic beam and the fluorescence was monitored. The collimation of the atomic beam reduced the residual Doppler width inherent in using two different frequencies. Using the two lasers allowed two-photon transitions to be observed at frequencies unattainable with the dye laser alone, and enhanced the transition rates due to the near resonance of the dye laser with the strong Na $3^{2}S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3^{2}P$ transition. Our experimental results for the scalar and tensor polarizabilities, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$, agree with calculations in the Bates and Damgaard Coulomb approximation within 2% for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ and 9% for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$. As a by-product the hyperfine-interaction constants $a$ for the $S$ states and the fine-structure intervals $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{({E}_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{\frac{5}{2}})}{h}$ for the $D$ states were obtained.We have used two-photon absorption from counterpropagating laser beams of different frequencies to measure Stark shifts and splittings of the $6^{2}S$, $7^{2}S$, $8^{2}S$, $5^{2}D$, and $6^{2}D$ states in sodium. Beams from a fixed-frequency, single-mode ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ laser and a tunable, single-frequency cw dye laser were focussed into a coarse sodium atomic beam and the fluorescence was monitored. The collimation of the atomic beam reduced the residual Doppler width inherent in using two different frequencies. Using the two lasers allowed two-photon transitions to be observed at frequencies unattainable with the dye laser alone, and enhanced the transition rates due to the near resonance of the dye laser with the strong Na $3^{2}S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3^{2}P$ transition. Our experimental results for the scalar and tensor polarizabilities, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$, agree with calculations in the Bates and Damgaard Coulomb approximation within 2% for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ and 9% for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$. As a by-product the hyperfine-interaction constants $a$ for the $S$ states and the fine-structure intervals $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{({E}_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{\frac{5}{2}})}{h}$ for the $D$ states were obtained.

Physical Review AMar 1, 197731 citations

Investigation of RydbergDstates of sodium by quantum beat spectroscopy using pulsed dye lasers

S. Haroche

The method of quantum beats was used in an investigation of the Rydberg D states of the Na atom. Measurements were made of the fine structure constant and of the Stark effect in weak fields.

Soviet Journal of Quantum ElectronicsApr 30, 19760 citations

Precision Stark spectroscopy of the fine structure of the microwave transition 37P-37S in sodium Rydberg atoms

Igor M. Beterov, I. I. Ryabtsev

The results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the fine structure of the spectrum of the microwave transition 37 P -37 S in sodium Rydberg atoms in a weak electric field are reported. New data are obtained on the experimental values of the scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the 37 P level. A numerical simulation of the Stark diagram, taking into account the influence of the anticrossings of the Rydberg levels, is performed, and the results are found to be in good agreement with experiment.The results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the fine structure of the spectrum of the microwave transition 37 P -37 S in sodium Rydberg atoms in a weak electric field are reported. New data are obtained on the experimental values of the scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the 37 P level. A numerical simulation of the Stark diagram, taking into account the influence of the anticrossings of the Rydberg levels, is performed, and the results are found to be in good agreement with experiment.

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics LettersDec 1, 19984 citations

Rydberg sodium atoms in a strong microwave field

Igor M. Beterov, I. I. Ryabtsev

Review of experiments on microwave spectroscopy of sodium Rydberg atoms carried out during last several years by our group, is presented. Most of the experiments have been done for the first time with Rydberg atoms. These are: static and dynamics Stark spectroscopy, two-photon dynamic Stark effect, double Stark resonance, scattering of Rydberg atomic beam by strong resonant microwave radiation. Also an experiment on pure amplification without the inversion in two-level Rydberg micromaser is discussed.Review of experiments on microwave spectroscopy of sodium Rydberg atoms carried out during last several years by our group, is presented. Most of the experiments have been done for the first time with Rydberg atoms. These are: static and dynamics Stark spectroscopy, two-photon dynamic Stark effect, double Stark resonance, scattering of Rydberg atomic beam by strong resonant microwave radiation. Also an experiment on pure amplification without the inversion in two-level Rydberg micromaser is discussed.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIEOct 21, 19980 citations

Stark structure in Rydberg states of xenon

Randall D. Knight, Liangguo Wang

We have studied the Stark effect for the bound Rydberg states of xenon ${(}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{P}}_{3/2}$ core) in the vicinity of n=17. These are the first detailed measurements of Rydberg-state Stark structure in a heavy rare-gas atom. The experiment was performed by one-photon laser spectroscopy from the metastable 6s' ${[(1/2)]}_{0}$ state in an atomic beam. Laser polarization can be chosen to excite pure M=0 or \ensuremath{\Vert}M\ensuremath{\Vert}=1 levels. Stark maps are presented for electric fields from 0 to 2000 V/cm. The major low-field features are a prominent linear manifold for states with l\ensuremath{\ge}3 and an isolated group of states arising from mixing within the overlapping p and d terms. A simple model of the p,d complex, showing strong mixing at fields as low as 200 V/cm, is used to correlate observed states with the zero-field states. The spectra become exceedingly complex for fields greater than 1000 V/cm because of mixing within the extensive fine structure of xenon.We have studied the Stark effect for the bound Rydberg states of xenon ${(}^{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{3/2}$ core) in the vicinity of n=17. These are the first detailed measurements of Rydberg-state Stark structure in a heavy rare-gas atom. The experiment was performed by one-photon laser spectroscopy from the metastable 6s'${[(1/2)]}_{0}$ state in an atomic beam. Laser polarization can be chosen to excite pure M=0 or \ensuremath{\Vert}M\ensuremath{\Vert}=1 levels. Stark maps are presented for electric fields from 0 to 2000 V/cm. The major low-field features are a prominent linear manifold for states with l\ensuremath{\ge}3 and an isolated group of states arising from mixing within the overlapping p and d terms. A simple model of the p,d complex, showing strong mixing at fields as low as 200 V/cm, is used to correlate observed states with the zero-field states. The spectra become exceedingly complex for fields greater than 1000 V/cm because of mixing within the extensive fine structure of xenon.

Physical Review AAug 1, 198530 citations

Doppler-free Stark spectroscopy of the second excited level of atomic hydrogen for measurements of electric fields

M. Gemisic Adamov, Andreas Steiger, Klaus Grutzmacher +1 more

The Stark splitting of the second excited level of atomic hydrogen (with principal quantum number $n=3$ ) has been measured by pulsed laser spectroscopy in order to determine small electric fields by optical means. Doppler-free excitation with two counterpropagating laser beams at $205\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ allows us to measure the $n=3$ Stark spectra either by an optogalvanic signal after ionization by a third laser photon or by detection of the Balmer-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ fluorescence photons emitted by the excited atoms. Three different cases of laser polarization have been investigated in order to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of this one-step laser excitation method for electric field determination, especially at field strengths below $200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{cm}$ . The method provides the best field sensitivity achieved with lower excited levels that can be reached directly by two-photon absorption from the ground state (in contrast to the more sensitive Rydberg levels). For this purpose, an advanced tunable pulsed uv laser with narrow bandwidth almost at the Fourier limit has been used. The high spectral resolution allowed us to deduce electric field strengths as small as $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{cm}$ from the frequency shift between two selected isolated Stark components. As a main advantage, this simple analysis of the measured spectra does not rely on knowledge of the line intensities which may be strongly affected by the measuring conditions.The Stark splitting of the second excited level of atomic hydrogen (with principal quantum number $n=3$) has been measured by pulsed laser spectroscopy in order to determine small electric fields by optical means. Doppler-free excitation with two counterpropagating laser beams at $205\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ allows us to measure the $n=3$ Stark spectra either by an optogalvanic signal after ionization by a third laser photon or by detection of the Balmer-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ fluorescence photons emitted by the excited atoms. Three different cases of laser polarization have been investigated in order to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of this one-step laser excitation method for electric field determination, especially at field strengths below $200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{cm}$. The method provides the best field sensitivity achieved with lower excited levels that can be reached directly by two-photon absorption from the ground state (in contrast to the more sensitive Rydberg levels). For this purpose, an advanced tunable pulsed uv laser with narrow bandwidth almost at the Fourier limit has been used. The high spectral resolution allowed us to deduce electric field strengths as small as $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{cm}$ from the frequency shift between two selected isolated Stark components. As a main advantage, this simple analysis of the measured spectra does not rely on knowledge of the line intensities which may be strongly affected by the measuring conditions.

Physical Review AJan 11, 200715 citations

We have performed infrared spectroscopy on sodium Rydberg levels in an atomic beam. A C

{\mathrm{O}}_{2}

laser was used to provide narrow linewidths and absolute frequency markers. New results have been obtained for the term energy and for the fine-structure splitting of the

17p

level.

We have used two-photon absorption from counterpropagating laser beams of different frequencies to measure Stark shifts and splittings of the

6^{2}S

7^{2}S

8^{2}S

5^{2}D

, and

6^{2}D

states in sodium. Beams from a fixed-frequency, single-mode

{\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}

laser and a tunable, single-frequency cw dye laser were focussed into a coarse sodium atomic beam and the fluorescence was monitored. The collimation of the atomic beam reduced the residual Doppler width inherent in using two different frequencies. Using the two lasers allowed two-photon transitions to be observed at frequencies unattainable with the dye laser alone, and enhanced the transition rates due to the near resonance of the dye laser with the strong Na $3^{2}S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3^{2}P$ transition. Our experimental results for the scalar and tensor polarizabilities, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$, agree with calculations in the Bates and Damgaard Coulomb approximation within 2% for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ and 9% for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$. As a by-product the hyperfine-interaction constants

a

for the

S

states and the fine-structure intervals $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{({E}_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{\frac{5}{2}})}{h}$ for the

D

states were obtained.

We have studied the Stark effect for the bound Rydberg states of xenon

{(}^{2}

{\mathrm{P}}_{3/2}

core) in the vicinity of n=17. These are the first detailed measurements of Rydberg-state Stark structure in a heavy rare-gas atom. The experiment was performed by one-photon laser spectroscopy from the metastable 6s'

{[(1/2)]}_{0}

state in an atomic beam. Laser polarization can be chosen to excite pure M=0 or \ensuremath{\Vert}M\ensuremath{\Vert}=1 levels. Stark maps are presented for electric fields from 0 to 2000 V/cm. The major low-field features are a prominent linear manifold for states with l\ensuremath{\ge}3 and an isolated group of states arising from mixing within the overlapping p and d terms. A simple model of the p,d complex, showing strong mixing at fields as low as 200 V/cm, is used to correlate observed states with the zero-field states. The spectra become exceedingly complex for fields greater than 1000 V/cm because of mixing within the extensive fine structure of xenon.

The Stark splitting of the second excited level of atomic hydrogen (with principal quantum number

n=3

) has been measured by pulsed laser spectroscopy in order to determine small electric fields by optical means. Doppler-free excitation with two counterpropagating laser beams at

205\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}

allows us to measure the

n=3

Stark spectra either by an optogalvanic signal after ionization by a third laser photon or by detection of the Balmer-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ fluorescence photons emitted by the excited atoms. Three different cases of laser polarization have been investigated in order to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of this one-step laser excitation method for electric field determination, especially at field strengths below

200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{cm}

. The method provides the best field sensitivity achieved with lower excited levels that can be reached directly by two-photon absorption from the ground state (in contrast to the more sensitive Rydberg levels). For this purpose, an advanced tunable pulsed uv laser with narrow bandwidth almost at the Fourier limit has been used. The high spectral resolution allowed us to deduce electric field strengths as small as

50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{cm}

from the frequency shift between two selected isolated Stark components. As a main advantage, this simple analysis of the measured spectra does not rely on knowledge of the line intensities which may be strongly affected by the measuring conditions.