When Newton became the President of the Royal Society, he proposed corpuscle concept (wave-particle duality) to destroy the fruitions of Hooke and Huygens, because Newton mistook Hooke and Huygens as his enemies. Thereafter, this erroneous concept governed the scientific world for more than one hundred years. This paper will reveal the mystery: why corpuscle concept could govern the scientific world for one hundred years after Newton’s death. In the beginning of last century, photon, a palingenesis of Newton’s corpuscle, was proposed by Einstein again, as a sudden whim, because Planck strongly opposed this wrong concept, since 1907, Einstein strongly doubted this concept. Finally, Einstein disappointedly said: “The quanta really are a hopeless mess.” This paper will reveal the mystery: why photon concept can govern the scientific world until now, and give the evidences for the actual nature of light.
When Newton became the President of the Royal Society, he proposed corpuscle concept (wave-particle duality) to destroy the fruitions of Hooke and Huygens, because Newton mistook Hooke and Huygens as his enemies. Thereafter, this erroneous concept governed the scientific world for more than one hundred years. This paper will reveal the mystery: why corpuscle concept could govern the scientific world for one hundred years after Newton’s death. In the beginning of last century, photon, a palingenesis of Newton’s corpuscle, was proposed by Einstein again, as a sudden whim, because Planck strongly opposed this wrong concept, since 1907, Einstein strongly doubted this concept. Finally, Einstein disappointedly said: “The quanta really are a hopeless mess.” This paper will reveal the mystery: why photon concept can govern the scientific world until now, and give the evidences for the actual nature of light.
In the process of exploring the essence of light, Newton initially agreed with the particle interpretation of light while Huygens argued for the wave theory. Hence, these two theories had been disputed in Newton’s time. In the beginning people accepted the particle theory, but after Thomas Young’s experiment and Augustin Jean Fresnel’s experiment, people began to accept the wave theory. Until Einstein proposed the quanta concept, which was later called photon, and, even later, De Broglie proposed the wave nature of matter, subsequently, people began using particle-wave duality to explicate all phenomena in micro world. Thus here appears a paradox: how can one particle exist in two forms? To solve this enigma, I have done some experiments; discover that moving photons create force; this effect reveal the phenomenon of light wave property - the inference fringes is caused by force which moving photons produced. The essence of light is particle but not particle-wave duality.
In the process of exploring the essence of light, Newton initially agreed with the particle interpretation of light while Huygens argued for the wave theory. Hence, these two theories had been disputed in Newton's time. In the beginning people accepted the particle theory, but after Thomas Young's experiment and Augustin Jean Fresnel's experiment, people began to accept the wave theory. Until Einstein proposed the quanta concept, which was later called photon, and, even later, De Broglie proposed the wave nature of matter, subsequently, people began using particle-wave duality to explicate all phenomena in micro world. Thus here appears a paradox: how can one particle exist in two forms? To solve this enigma, I have done some experiments; discover that moving photons create force; this effect reveal the phenomenon of light wave property - the inference fringes is caused by force which moving photons produced. The essence of light is particle but not particle-wave duality.
Have you ever tried to define light? If so, your definition is probably related to vision, the ability to see things. The Merriam-Webster English dictionary defines light as “something that makes vision possible”. However, the definition of the “nature of light” is a complex term already discussed by philosophers of Ancient Greece. In the 17th century, the debate on the matter focused on whether light was a particle or a wave, based on the different properties of light that had been gradually discovered over time. Isaac Newton (1642−1727) was a defender of the corpuscular theory of light, which considered light to be formed by particles, i.e., small pieces of matter, like dust or grains of sand. He was the author of Opticks (1706), the front cover of which appears in Fig. 1.1. Christian Huygens (1629–1695), on the other hand, supported the theory that light is a wave. These are two completely different definitions of the same physical concept. A range of experiments were developed to attempt to clarify this dilemma, but it was only until 1900 when Max Planck (1858-1947) introduced the basis of a theory that would go on to revolutionize scientific thinking, marking the beginning of modern physics: quantum theory. Developed during the 20th century thanks to advances made by scientists such as Niels Bohr, Born, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Pauli, Dirac, Einstein or de Broglie, quantum theory clarified that light is neither a particle nor a wave, but that it has a dual nature: it behaves like a wave as it spreads but like a particle in its interactions with matter. In this book, we will specify where necessary whether light behaves as a particle or as a wave, although in most cases we refer to rays of light, which always represent the direction of propagation of light.
Focusing on the unresolved debate between Newton and Huygens from 300 years ago, The Nature of Light: What is a Photon? discusses the reality behind enigmatic photons. It explores the fundamental issues pertaining to light that still exist today. Gathering contributions from globally recognized specialists in electrodynamics and quantum optics, the book begins by clearly presenting the mainstream view of the nature of light and photons. It then provides a new and challenging scientific epistemology that explains how to overcome the prevailing paradoxes and confusions arising from the accepted definition of a photon as a monochromatic Fourier mode of the vacuum. The book concludes with an array of experiments that demonstrate the innovative thinking needed to examine the wave-particle duality of photons. Looking at photons from both mainstream and out-of-box viewpoints, this volume is sure to inspire the next generation of quantum optics scientists and engineers to go beyond the Copenhagen interpretation and formulate new conceptual ideas about light-matter interactions and substantiate them through inventive applications.
In the mid-18th century, Isaac Newton regarded light as some extremely small particles. Based on this, Newton established the particle theory of light. In the mid-19th century, Huygens and Augustine Jean Fresnel conducted extensive research on light and concluded that light is a wave. Afterwards, Maxwell proposed the theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell believed that light is a wave with a wavelength within a limited range. With the establishment of Maxwell's equation electromagnetic wave theory, the wave nature of light began to dominate the mainstream consciousness; However, in the late 19th century, a series of experimental phenomena represented by the photoelectric effect could not be accurately explained by the wave theory of light. In 1905, Einstein proposed the concept of light quanta and successfully explained the photoelectric effect. While perfectly explaining these issues, a new question arises: what is the essence of light, given that both particle and wave properties can accurately reflect certain properties of light? It has always been the most fiercely debated issue in the history of optics. Einstein said that we are not yet clear about what light quanta are, and wave particle duality cannot fully explain optical phenomena. Based on the study of Albert Einstein's concept of quanta light, wave particle duality of light, string theory, and optical frequency combs, the author proposes the concept of lightstring, attempting to propose new ideas for studying the essence of light and its generation mechanism. Siwen Bi has been researching quantum remote sensing since March 2000 and quantum spectral imaging since June 2003, but has encountered some difficulties and problems. What is the basic theory of passive imaging in quantum remote sensing? How is technology implemented? What is the fundamental theory of quantum spectroscopy? The Implementation Technology of Quantum Optical Field Entangled States in Long Distance Quantum Detection Process? These difficulties and questions prompt the author of this article to contemplate and study the essence of light? What is the fundamental theory of the future technology of quantum optics? Siwen Bi conducted exploratory research on the nature of light in 2006. This article first provides an overview of the development history and research status of optics and describes the difficulties and shortcomings in fully explaining optical phenomena due to the wave particle duality of light quantum and light; Then, two inspiring viewpoints on optical frequency comb and chord theory were introduced. On this basis, the basic concept of optical string (optical frequency string), the prototype description of optical string, the mechanism of optical string generation, and the discussion of Lightstring, generation process are proposed and emphasized; Proposed the mechanism of string light effect. Published On Two Heuristic Viewpoints Concerning the Study of Light (October 13-15, 2014), New Viewpoints In Light Quantum Research: Lightstring (2016), Discuss wave-particle duality of light, (February 28, 2017), and an Exploratory research on the light quantum future technical basis (February 1, 2019). Over the past 17 years, achieved some original and innovative research results. some original innovative research achievements have been achieved. Received high praise from international scholars and professors, such as the American Journal of Physics and Applications, which sent me a congratulatory letter saying, "Dear Bi Siwen, Warmest greeting from the Editorial Department! It is reported that at the International conference on photo and optical Engineering (ICPOE 2014), a paper entitled" Two Enlightening Views on Optical Research "was published, and the theme of the paper impressed us deeply. It has attracted the attention of Photon researchers and Scholars ...Your research is highly appreciated by us … " And invite Professor Bi Siwen as a paper reviewer for the American Journal of Physics and Applications. I have received the paper review certificate, dated May 25th, 2018. Based on the above research, Siwen Bi elaborated on the geometric and kinematic characteristics of Lightstring, and proposed the essence of light based on the concept of Lightstring, in order to concretize the concept of light quanta. On this basis, the mechanism of string light effect based on the concept of optical string is proposed. An attempt has been made to further study the quantum and wave particle duality of light, gain a profound understanding of the nature of light, and answer the question "What is light?" by proposing a new approach and method for studying the nature of light and its generation mechanism. Proposed a study on optical quantum; The wave particle duality of light; New ideas, methods, and perspectives on the mechanism of light generation.
Scientific inquiry took millennia to ascertain the true nature of light, and it is not possible here to attempt to recapitulate all of the philosophizing, hypotheses, arguments, and experimentation involved in that great debate. The main point of controversy was whether light should be considered as a particle or as a wave. Empedocles of Acragas (492–432 b.c.e .) was of the opinion that light is a “streaming substance” emitted by luminous bodies, and that light travels at a finite speed ( Sambursky, 1958 ). In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton postulated that light is composed of particles and that color is connected with the size of those particles; however, his contemporary Christiaan Huygens argued that light is a wave that transfers energy but not substance ( Einstein & Infeld, 1966 , p. 105ff). It turns out that light is indeed a wave propagating via electric and magnetic fields, but in addition to exhibiting properties of waves (such as interference) it also exhibits properties of particles (such as momentum and localization). When treating light as particles, the individual quanta are called photons .