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Applied Physics Letters

Effect of nonlinear index changes on degenerate four-wave mixing

John H. Marburger, Juan Francisco Lam

Published Aug 1, 1979• 47 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Unavoidable refractive-index changes induced by the pump beams in DFWM reduce the gain and shift its spectral pass band when the forward and backward pump intensities are unequal. The full linearized DFWM equations also imply large non-phase-conjugate signals in a collinear geometry. These effects influence the onset and spectrum of ’’spontaneous oscillation.’’

DOI
10.1063/1.91088

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A large-signal theory of noncollinear degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) is presented, taking into account the pump depletion and the full nonlinear polarization density appropriate for the noncollinear geometry. Phases of all of the interacting fields, as well as the amplitudes, are obtained as functions of the spatial coordinate. Owing to the completeness of the set of analytic solutions, considerable physical insights into the physics of DFWM are obtained. The DFWM exhibits a variety of rich behaviors, including hysteresis and bistability, multistability, and multiple isolated branches. The authors show that all of these behaviors can be explained in a unified way, that is, in terms of mode hopping characteristics.>

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics•Sep 1, 1988•0 citations
Unavoidable refractive-index changes induced by the pump beams in DFWM reduce the gain and shift its spectral pass band when the forward and backward pump intensities are unequal. The full linearized DFWM equations also imply large non-phase-conjugate signals in a collinear geometry. These effects influence the onset and spectrum of ’’spontaneous oscillation.’’
A calculation procedure and various large-signal and numerical solutions are presented for degenerate four-wave mixing in optical Kerr media, and for phase conjugate resonators using degenerate four-wave mixing. The solutions presented take full account of nonlinear refractive index changes, pump depletion, signal saturation, distributed losses, and possible external mirrors with laser gain. We find that including the nonlinear index change generally causes little change in the reflectivity or power output of degenerate four-wave mixing devices, at least with symmetric pumping. The optimum power output from a phase conjugate resonator with and without a laser gain medium is calculated. The results provide some theoretical guidance for designing phase conjugate resonators. PACS Code 42. 65. Bp; 42. 60. Da
Co-polarised degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM), in which all the four interacting beams have the same direction of polarisation, has been utilised to generate high phase conjugate reflectivities (~ 2500) recently [1]. In the co-polarised geometries six gratings are written in the material in which each beam forms a grating with another beam. Several theoretical models have been used to describe this co-polarised DFWM process in gain media [2]-[3]. However, all of them involve the use of small probe approximation and hence not all gratings are present in these models. Moreover, the effect of pump depletion has been neglected. A novel approach using the underlying symmetry is described recently to solve the co-polarised DFWM problem [4]. This approach allows us to take into account the effect of pump depletion, although the two standing gratings between the pumps and between the probe and the conjugate beams are ignored.
Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) spectroscopy is a potentially powerful technique for quantitative measurement of minor species in gas-phase media [1-3]. In this paper we compare the DFWM signal levels and lineshapes obtained using two different phase-matching geometries: the phase-conjugate geometry and the forward phase-matched geometry. DFWM signal levels are calculated by solving the time-dependent density matrix equations using direct numerical integration (DNI) [4, 5] for a two-level system interacting with three laser beams. This numerical analysis includes the effects of molecular motion, intermolecular collisions, and high laser intensities, all of which have been shown to affect the DFWM signal level.
This paper presents an exact solution to the slowly varying envelope equations for the probe and signal fluxes in degenerate four-wave mixing in Kerr media. The analysis is performed for a noncollinear geometry, and all beams have the same linear polarization in the nonlinear medium. It is assumed that the angle separating the directions of the counterpropagating pumps and probe and signal beams is large enough so that cross-coupled waves do not contribute to the envelope equations describing the spatial evolution of the pump, probe, and signal beams. Multiple values of the transmitted probe are obtained for equal pump fluxes above a threshold determined by the nonlinear phase shift in the medium. Significant pump depletion occurs in this regime, but it can also occur without the appearance of multiple solutions. Since exact optical phase conjugation occurs only in the limit where the pumps are undepleted in Kerr media, this result implies that there are fundamental upper limits on the pump intensity that can be used to increase signal reflectivities in optical phase conjugation.
A large-signal theory of noncollinear degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) is presented, taking into account the pump depletion and the full nonlinear polarization density appropriate for the noncollinear geometry. Phases of all of the interacting fields, as well as the amplitudes, are obtained as functions of the spatial coordinate. Owing to the completeness of the set of analytic solutions, considerable physical insights into the physics of DFWM are obtained. The DFWM exhibits a variety of rich behaviors, including hysteresis and bistability, multistability, and multiple isolated branches. The authors show that all of these behaviors can be explained in a unified way, that is, in terms of mode hopping characteristics.>