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Quantum Electronics

Time-delayed quantum interference and single-photon echo in coherent three-level systems

Sergey A. Moiseev

Published Jun 30, 2001• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new version of time-delayed quantum interference of photons is proposed, which may be manifested in the emergence of a single-photon echo signal in coherent three-level macroscopic media. Nonclassical properties of this type of interference, reflected in peculiarities of the interaction between the field and the medium, are analysed along with the properties of the emitted echo signal.

DOI
10.1070/qe2001v031n06abeh002003

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A new version of time-delayed quantum interference of photons is proposed, which may be manifested in the emergence of a single-photon echo signal in coherent three-level macroscopic media. Nonclassical properties of this type of interference, reflected in peculiarities of the interaction between the field and the medium, are analysed along with the properties of the emitted echo signal.
Currently, it is obvious [1] that nonstationary tasks of quantum mechanics in more degree differ from those of classical physics than stationary ones. Accordingly, time- domain quantum optics experiments are very important for deepening our knowledge of quantum dynamics. It appears that a single-photon wave (SPW-) packets [2] are the best objects of quantum optics for investigation of the quantum dynamics at macroscopic level. One of the fundamental problems herein is the comprehension of interactions of quantum fields (SPW4MIN and TPW-packets) with macroscopic media. In particular, this is immediately associated with development of our knowledge about the fundamental properties of the irreversibility and of detecting quantum fields. At present, our notion about interaction of quantum fields with a detector, is mainly based on the phenomenological approaches to the properties of the detector [3]. That is why more exact quantum models of macroscopic detectors must be investigated. One of the macroscopic objects, which can be interesting for these purposes is the resonant quantum (Two-,Three-level) medium with phase memory intensively studied in coherent optics. Unusual properties of quantum time-domain interference effects and of photon echoes initiated in resonant media by interactions with an SPW-packet, have been predicted in our works 4LB4-6]. In the present paper study of the quantum dynamics at interaction of the field with the medium we will carry out by investigation of the two photon echo properties. At that, we consider interaction of a three- level (TL-) medium with polarized two-photon wave packets for the purpose of eliciting new nonclassical polarization properties in quantum dynamics of the echo signals.
The novel variants of the photon echo technique for the storage and complete reconstruction of the quantum states of one and two photon fields are theoretically investigated. Such new possible schemes are proposed for two types of three-level macroscopic coherent media, where the specific spectral and temporal properties of the quantum dynamics are analyzed. Special physical analysis is devoted to the complete reconstruction of the mapped quantum states at the multipulse restoring, its spatial, temporal and spectral properties. The specific possibilities of the proposed schemes for the quantum computations are also discussed. (Summary only available)
The wave-particle duality has been said to contain the entire mystery of quantum mechanics. Many delayed-choice experiments have been performed to further understand the wave-particle duality. Here, we reveal some flaws in the known interference theories by comparing the theoretical predictions with the experimental facts and show that the presence of media is a necessary condition for interference of single photons, a photon interferes with other photon via microscopic particles in the interface of media, and the wave-like property of a photon originates from interaction between the photon and media; the particle property is the inherent characteristic of a photon, and the wave-like behavior of a photon always accompanies the particle behavior; the coherent time of single photons cannot be longer than the lifetime of the polarized states of the microscopic particles. Interference of single photons is interpreted properly, and the conundrum of the wave-particle duality is well solved.
Non-classical properties and quantum interference (QI) in two-photon excitation of a three level atom (|1〉), |2〉, |3〉) in a ladder configuration, illuminated by multiple fields in non-classical (squeezed) and/or classical (coherent) states, is studied. Fundamentally new effects associated with quantum correlations in the squeezed fields and QI due to multiple excitation pathways have been observed. Theoretical studies and extrapolations of these findings have revealed possible applications which are far beyond any current capabilities, including ultrafast nonlinear mixing, ultrafast homodyne detection and frequency metrology. The atom used throughout the experiments was Cesium, which was magneto-optically trapped in a vapor cell to produce a Doppler-free sample. For the first part of the work the |1〉 → |2〉 → |3〉 transition (corresponding to the 6S1/2F = 4 → 6P3/2F' = 5 → 6D5/2F = 6 transition) was excited by using the quantum-correlated signal (Ɛs) and idler (Ɛi) output fields of a subthreshold non-degenerate optical parametric oscillator, which was tuned so that the signal and idler fields were resonant with the |1〉 → |2〉 and |2〉 → |3〉 transitions, respectively. In contrast to excitation with classical fields for which the excitation rate as a function of intensity has always an exponent greater than or equal to two, excitation with squeezed-fields has been theoretically predicted to have an exponent that approaches unity for small enough intensities. This was verified experimentally by probing the exponent down to a slope of 1.3, demonstrating for the first time a purely non-classical effect associated with the interaction of squeezed fields and atoms. In the second part excitation of the two-photon transition by three phase coherent fields Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 and Ɛ0, resonant with the dipole |1〉 → |2〉 and |2〉 → |3〉 and quadrupole |1〉 → |3〉 transitions, respectively, is studied. QI in the excited state population is observed due to two alternative excitation pathways. This is equivalent to nonlinear mixing of the three excitation fields by the atom. Realizing that in the experiment the three fields are spaced in frequency over a range of 25 THz, and extending this scheme to other energy triplets and atoms, leads to the discovery that ranges up to 100's of THz can be bridged in a single mixing step. Motivated by these results, a master equation model has been developed for the system and its properties have been extensively studied.