We prove that a wide class of two-level boson systems interacting through k -body forces is integrable in the semiclassical limit irrespective of the value of the parameters of the model. This class of models includes number-conserving Hamiltonians, and interactions which do not conserve the particle number. Applications to two-component and atom–molecule Bose–Einstein condensates at zero temperature as well as to the bosonic k -body embedded ensembles of Gaussian random matrices in the dense limit are discussed.
We prove that a wide class of two-level boson systems interacting through k -body forces is integrable in the semiclassical limit irrespective of the value of the parameters of the model. This class of models includes number-conserving Hamiltonians, and interactions which do not conserve the particle number. Applications to two-component and atom–molecule Bose–Einstein condensates at zero temperature as well as to the bosonic k -body embedded ensembles of Gaussian random matrices in the dense limit are discussed.
Integrability conditions for systems of bosons or fermions with seniority conserving hamiltonians are derived. The conditions are shown to be invariant under a large class of transformations of the interaction matrix elements. Previously published integrable models are shown to satisfy these conditions and the existence of a new class of integrable models is demonstrated. The number of free parameters in the interaction in these models equals the number of single particle levels plus 3 . Equations for the energy eigenstates and eigenvalues are derived and the eigenvalues of the complete set of two-body integrals of the motion are given for the new class. Some two-body correlations in these eigenstates are derived from the integrals of the motion.
An effective boson Hamiltonian applicable to atomic beam splitters, coupled Bose-Einstein condensates, and optical lattices can be made exactly solvable by including all n-body interactions. The model can include an arbitrary number of boson components. In the strong interaction limit the model becomes a quantum phase model, which also describes a tight-binding lattice particle. Through exact results for dynamic correlation functions, it is shown how the previous weak interaction dynamics of these systems are extended to strong interactions, now becoming relevant in the experiments. The effect of the number of boson components is also analyzed.
We explore the zero-temperature behavior of an assembly of bosons interacting through a zero-range, attractive potential.Because the twobody interaction admits a bound state, the many-body model is best described by a Hamiltonian that includes the coupling between atomic and molecular components.Due to the positive scattering length, the low-density collection is expected to remain stable against collapse despite the attraction between particles.Although a variational many-body analysis indicates a collapsing solution with only a molecular component to its condensate at low density, the expected atomic condensate solution can be obtained if the chemical potential is allowed to be complex valued.In addition to revealing two discrete eigenfrequencies associated with the molecular case, an expansion in small oscillations quantifies the imaginary part of the chemical potential as proportional to a coherent decay rate of the atomic condensate into a continuum of collective phonon excitations about the collapsing lower state.
The refinement and the combination of laser cooling and evaporative cooling in dilute systems of alkali atoms lead to the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in 1995. Nowadays there is a fruitful interplay between theoretical and experimental results: in this context, the study of uniform Bose gases plays an important role in the comprehension of the static and dynamic properties of a bosonic system. Here we use quantum field theory, within the approach of functional integration, to study an homogeneous system of weakly-interacting bosonic cold atoms. After characterizing their thermodynamical properties, we derive - at a gaussian level - the number density and the superfluid density in three and in two spatial dimensions, expressed as functions of the condensate density and the temperature. Since the equations derived are valid for a generic interaction potential, we implement these formulas for bosons with a zero-range interaction, providing also an extension of these results with the inclusion of a finite-range interaction.
Abstract A mixture of two kinds of identical bosons, species 1 with N 1 bosons of mass m 1 and species 2 with N 2 bosons of mass m 2 , held in a harmonic potential of frequency ω and interacting by harmonic intra-species and inter-species particle-particle interactions of strengths λ 1 , λ 2 , and λ 12 is discussed. This is an exactly-solvable model of a generic mixture of trapped interacting bosons which allows one to investigate and determine analytically properties of interest. To start, closed form expressions for the frequencies, ground-state energy, and wave-function of the mixture are obtained and briefly analyzed as a function of the masses, numbers of particles, and strengths and signs of interactions. To prove Bose–Einstein condensation of the mixture three steps are needed. First, we integrate the all-particle density matrix, employing a four-parameter matrix-recurrence relations, down to the lowest-order intra-species and inter-species reduced density matrices of the mixture. Second, the coupled Gross–Pitaevskii (mean-field) equations of the mixture are solved analytically. Third, we analyze the mixture’s reduced density matrices in the limit of an infinite number of particles of both species 1 and 2 (when the interaction parameters, i.e. the products of the number of particles times the intra-species and inter-species interaction strengths, are held fixed) and prove that: (i) both species 1 and 2 are 100% condensed; (ii) the inter-species reduced density matrix per particle is separable and given by the product of the intra-species reduced density matrices per particle; and (iii) the mixture’s energy per particle, and reduced density matrices and densities per particle all coincide with the Gross–Pitaevskii quantities. Finally, when the infinite-particle limit is taken with respect to, say, species 1 only (with interaction parameters held fixed) we prove that: (iv) only species 1 is 100% condensed and its reduced density matrix and density per particle, as well as the mixture’s energy per particle, coincide with the Gross–Pitaevskii quantities of species 1 alone; and (v) the inter-species reduced density matrix per particle is nonetheless separable and given by the product of the intra-species reduced density matrices per particle. The results are compared and discussed with respect to the recent work by Bouvrie et al (2014 Eur. Phys. J . D 68 346 ) who found for attractive mixtures vanishing bipartite entanglement between the two species and between a single particle (of either kind) and the remaining particles in the mixture. Implications are briefly discussed.
This thesis is devoted to the rigorous study of dilute Bose gases with two-body and three-body interactions at zero temperature in two and three dimensions. Bose gases are many-body quantum systems composed of bosons, which notably do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle. As a consequence, at extremely low temperatures, a macroscopic fraction of the particles can occupy the same one-body quantum state. This phenomenon, known as Bose–Einstein condensation, was predicted in the 1920s by Bose and Einstein for noninteracting Bose gases, and first realised experimentally by the groups of Cornell and Wieman, and Ketterle, earning them the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2001. However, proving the occurrence of Bose–Einstein condensation in general interacting bosonic systems remains a major open problem and constitutes a central theme in this thesis. Another important property of bosonic matter is that it is generally more unstable than fermionic matter. In particular, for systems interacting via the Coulomb force, the Pauli exclusion principle is essential for explaining the stability of the second kind, which states that the energy and volume scale linearly with the number of particles. Nonetheless, bosonic systems with attractive but less singular interactions can also be stable, and the rigorous proof of this fact forms a second focus of this thesis. In three dimensions, we consider predominantly repulsive interactions. Firstly, we prove a leading order upper bound on the thermodynamic ground state energy of Bose gases with hard-core three-body interactions, which matches an existing lower bound. In addition, we obtain a simpler proof for integrable potentials. Secondly, we derive the leading order of the thermodynamic ground state energy of Bose gases with combined two-body and three-body interactions. More specifically, we show that, at the leading order, the ground state energy is entirely characterised by the scattering length of the two-body potential and the scattering hypervolume of the three-body potential. Thirdly, we study the time evolution of Bose–Einstein condensates with three-body interactions in the so-called Gross–Pitaevskii regime. We show that Bose–Einstein condensation is preserved under many-body evolution and that the condensate wavefunction evolves according to the quintic Gross–Pitaevskii equation. In particular, we show that the effective coupling constant is universal in the sense that it depends only on the scattering hypervolume of the interaction potential. As a by-product of our proof, we derive a stability of the second kind result for Bose gases with attractive two-body interactions and repulsive three-body interactions. In two dimensions, we consider trapped Bose gases with mean-field-type interactions, including the purely attractive case. We prove the stability of the second kind of the system and the convergence of the ground state energy per particle to that of a non-linear Schrödinger energy functional. As a consequence of the stability of the second kind, we also obtain Bose–Einstein condensation for the many-body ground states.