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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Monte Carlo renormalization-group study of the rectangular Ising ferromagnet: Universality and a fixed line

David Paul Landau, Robert H. Swendsen

Published Sep 1, 1984• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The renormalization-group description of the anisotropic two-dimensional Ising model has been investigated with the use of Monte Carlo renormalization-group methods. We have been able to demonstrate the existence of a fixed line with universal critical exponents, in contrast to the nonuniversality of the Baxter fixed line. The possibility of a model with any given anisotropy being described by any point on the fixed line is demonstrated by explicit calculations.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.30.2787

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The renormalization-group description of the anisotropic two-dimensional Ising model has been investigated with the use of Monte Carlo renormalization-group methods. We have been able to demonstrate the existence of a fixed line with universal critical exponents, in contrast to the nonuniversality of the Baxter fixed line. The possibility of a model with any given anisotropy being described by any point on the fixed line is demonstrated by explicit calculations.
We have performed large-scale numerical simulations for the ± J Ising model on the simple cubic and the square lattices with asymmetric weight of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic bonds. The Monte Carlo renormalization group method is used to estimate T c , γ/ν, β/ν and ν at various points along the phase boundary between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases including the tricritical point. The obtained values of T c and the resulting phase diagrams of the simple cubic and the square lattices are much more accurate than those estimated so far. In the simple cubic lattice, we find evidence for the possibility that universality of the ferromagnetic critical exponents holds along the critical line except at the tricritical point, while weak universality holds even at the tricritical point. Weak universality seems to hold also in the square lattice.
Renormalization group theory is a powerful and intriguing technique with a wide range of applications. One of the main successes of renormalization group theory is the description of continuous phase transitions and the development of scaling theory. Most courses on phase transitions focus on scaling and critical exponents, while less attention is paid to universality, renormalization group flow, and the existence of a unique fixed point, which are the ultimate reasons why scaling theory is so effective in describing continuous phase transitions. We use a combination of Monte Carlo simulations and real space renormalization group theory to determine the renormalization group flow and to show the existence of a universal fixed point in the context of the ferromagnetic Ising model.
In complete analogy with thermal critical phenomena, it is expected that anisotropic percolation is in the same universality class as the isotropic one. However the previous result, obtained from the closed form conventional cell real space renormalization group method on the square lattice, the isotropic fixed point is completely unstable is known. We examine this in the large cell limit by using a Monte Carlo renormalization group method and show that the scaling exponent associated with anisotropy is not relevant.
We report our Monte Carlo results on the critical and multicritical behavior of the ± J Ising model [with a random-exchange probability P ( J xy ) = p δ( J xy - J )+(1- p )δ( J xy + J )], in two and three dimensions. We study the transition line between the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phase, which extends from p = 1 to a multicritical (Nishimori) point. By a finite-size scaling analysis, we provide strong numerical evidence that in three dimensions the critical behavior along this line belongs to the same universality class as that of the critical transition in the randomly dilute Ising model. In two dimensions we confirm that the critical behavior is controlled by the pure Ising fixed point and that disorder is marginally irrelevant, giving rise to universal logarithmic corrections. In both two and three dimensions, we also determine the location of the multicritical Nishimori point, as well as the renormalization-group dimensions of the operators that control the renormalization-group flow close to it.