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Physics Letters A

Quality-factor and nonlinear properties of optical whispering-gallery modes

Vladimir B. Braginsky, M. L. Gorodetsky, Vladimir S. Ilchenko

Published May 1, 1989• 770 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/0375-9601(89)90912-2

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Rare-earth crystals are promising platforms for quantum information, with potentially long coherence times and telecom-compatible optical transitions. In this work, we investigate the optical properties of erbium atoms doped into a whispering gallery mode resonator produced by polishing a yttrium orthosilicate crystal. The multimode resonator demonstrates a bare quality factor of 2.56×10 5 . We demonstrate mode interaction between atoms and the resonator, where an effective quality factor of 8.7×10 7 is induced by spectral hole burning. The Fano interference between the atomic (spectral holes) and optical modes, and the small free-spectral range achieved here, can enable the study of tuning-free linear and nonlinear collective interactions.
Optical whispering gallery modes (WGMs) derive their name from a famous acoustic phenomenon of guiding a wave by a curved boundary observed nearly a century ago.This phenomenon has a rather general nature, equally applicable to sound and all other waves.It enables resonators of unique properties attractive both in science and engineering.Very high quality factors of optical WGM resonators persisting in a wide wavelength range spanning from radio frequencies to ultraviolet light, their small mode volume, and tunable in-and out-coupling make them exceptionally efficient for nonlinear optical applications.Nonlinear optics facilitates interaction of photons with each other and with other physical systems, and is of prime importance in quantum optics.In this paper we review numerous applications of WGM resonators in nonlinear and quantum optics.We outline the current areas of interest, summarize progress, highlight difficulties, and discuss possible future development trends in these areas.