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Journal of Modern Optics

Manipulation and transmission of quantum images

Marcelo Pereira de Almeida, D. P. Caetano, P. H. Souto Ribeiro

Published Feb 21, 2006• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Twin photons can be entangled in transverse momentum and position, giving rise to the so-called quantum images. The term quantum image has been used for images measured with photon coincidence schemes, also called correlated images. Some kinds of correlated images are prepared by transferring the angular spectrum of the pump beam to the correlated twin beams. In this case, it is possible to show that transverse correlations can violate a classical inequality, leading to spatial photon anti-bunching. We briefly review the use of the transfer of the angular spectrum in the production of these non-classical correlations. In addition, we demonstrate experimentally that the quantum image can be prepared partially through the nonlinear interaction and partially by propagation of signal and idler beams through lenses. Using this kind of preparation it is also possible to use a telescope for transmitting the quantum image, compensating the divergence of signal and idler beams.

DOI
10.1080/09500340500259839

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•Jan 1, 1996•0 citations
Twin photons can be entangled in transverse momentum and position, giving rise to the so-called quantum images. The term quantum image has been used for images measured with photon coincidence schemes, also called correlated images. Some kinds of correlated images are prepared by transferring the angular spectrum of the pump beam to the correlated twin beams. In this case, it is possible to show that transverse correlations can violate a classical inequality, leading to spatial photon anti-bunching. We briefly review the use of the transfer of the angular spectrum in the production of these non-classical correlations. In addition, we demonstrate experimentally that the quantum image can be prepared partially through the nonlinear interaction and partially by propagation of signal and idler beams through lenses. Using this kind of preparation it is also possible to use a telescope for transmitting the quantum image, compensating the divergence of signal and idler beams.
We discuss how it is possible to manipulate quantum spatial properties of light beams by using the transfer of the angular spectrum. Twin beams from the parametric down-conversion can be prepared in a state that carries two different quantum images. At the same time, the twin photons can be entangled in polarization. This preparation allows the selection between the detection of each one of the images at a time or a mixture by performing proper projections onto polarization sub-spaces. As another example, we show how to produce a light beam presenting spatial anti-bunching through the control of the entangled angular spectrum and reflections.
Abstract. The field of Quantum Imaging exploits the quantum nature of light and the intrinsic parallelism of optical signals to devise novel techniques for optical imaging and for parallel information processing at the quantum level (see [1] and references quoted therein). In this presentation, we will shortly discuss two topics in this area: the first is the so-called ghost imaging which, however, is not necessarily quantum; the second is the detection of faint amplitude objects with a sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit, and in this case we are fully in the quantum domain. Both topics are related to the phenomenon of optical parametric down-conversion (PDC), in which a fraction of the pump photons of a laser beam, injected into a crystal with a quadratic non-linearity, are down-converted to a pair of signal and idler photons, with conservation of total energy and total momentum. A feature of paramount importance is that the signal and idler beams are spatially correlated both in the near field (position correlation) and in the far field (momentum correlation).The simultaneous presence of position and momentum correlation implies quantum entanglement, as it has been also observed experimentally [2]. 1. Ghost Imaging
Nonclassical spatial correlations are shown to arise in the cross section of transverse multimode optical beams as a consequence of nonlinear wave mixing phenomena. These correlations represent a macroscopic manifestation of quantum entanglement. As an applicative perspective, we discuss some quantum aspects of parametric amplification of images. A broadband parametric amplifier, enclosed in a telescopic system, is able to amplify and duplicate a faint coherent image. We show that the two output images are quantum twins of each other, in the sense that intensity fluctuations in corresponding pixels are correlated with a conditional variance well beyond the standard quantum limit. In a phase-sensitive amplification scheme we demonstrate an efficient transfer of information from the input image to each of the two output images.
The signal and idler beams from a non-degenerate, above threshold, optical parametric oscillator have a strong quantum correlation, which are called twin beams. This correlation arises from the simultaneous generation of the signal and idler photons in the form of twin pairs of photons through the parametric down conversion, and the generated twin beams have exactly the same photon statistics. As a result, the fluctuations on the difference between the intensities of the twin beams are reduced with respect to the shot noise limit, that is, intensity-difference squeezing. We give a comprehensive overview of the generation of twin beams using the optical parametric oscillator, and the applications exploiting the quantum correlation of twin beams are presented.
One of the most surprising consequences of quantum mechanics is entanglement of two or more distance particles. The two-particle entangled state was mathematically formulated by Schrodinger. Based on this unusual quantum behavior, EPR defined their 'physical reality' and then asked the question: 'Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?' One may not appreciate EPR's criterion of physical reality and insist that 'no elementary quantum phenomenon is a phenomenon until it is a recorded phenomenon'. Optical spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) is the most effective mechanism to generate an EPR type entangled two-photon state. In SPDC, an optical beam, called the pump, is incident on a birefringent crystal. The pump is intense enough so that nonlinear effects lead to the conversion of pump photons into pairs of photons, historically called signal and idler. Technically, the SPDC is said to be type-1 or type-2, depending on whether the signal and idler beams have parallel or orthogonal polarization. The SPDC conversion efficiency is typically on the order of 10(exp -9) to 10(exp -11), depending on the SPDC nonlinear material. The signal and idler intensities are extremely low, only single photon detection devices can register them. The quantum entanglement nature of SPDC has been demonstrated in EPR-Bohm experiments and Bell's inequality measurements. The following two experiments were recently performed in our laboratory, which are more closely related to the original 1935 EPR gedankenezperiment. The first experiment is a two-photon optical imaging type experiment, which has been named 'ghost image' by the physics community. The signal and idler beams of SPDC are sent in different directions, so that the detection of the signal and idler photons can be performed by two distant photon counting detectors. An aperture object (mask) is placed in front of the signal photon detector and illuminated by the signal beam through a convex lens. Surprisingly, an image of this aperture is observed in the idler beam, by scanning the idler photon detector in the transverse plane of the idler beam, if we are sure that the idler photon detector 'catches' the 'twin brother' of the signal, which can be easily performed by a coincidence measurement. This effect is even more striking when we found that the object-lens-image relationship satisfies the Gaussian thin lens equation. The second experiment demonstrates two-photon 'ghost' interference-diffraction. The experimental set up is similar to the image experiment, except that rather than a lens and an aperture it is a Young's double-slit (or a single-slit) inserted into the path of the signal beam. We could not find any interference (or diffraction) pattern behind the slit. Surprisingly, an interference (or diffraction) pattern is observed when scanning the detector in the idler beam, if we are sure that the idler photon detector 'catches' the 'twin brother' of the signal.